Review



migration inhibitor factor mif antagonist iso 1  (MedChemExpress)


Bioz Verified Symbol MedChemExpress is a verified supplier
Bioz Manufacturer Symbol MedChemExpress manufactures this product  
  • Logo
  • About
  • News
  • Press Release
  • Team
  • Advisors
  • Partners
  • Contact
  • Bioz Stars
  • Bioz vStars
    • 95
      Buy from Supplier

    Structured Review

    MedChemExpress migration inhibitor factor mif antagonist iso 1
    Analysis of ligands and receptors in senescent and receiving cells. (A) Schematic depicting BulkSignalR pipeline which uses known ligand‐receptor interactions and affected downstream pathways to analyze their activation based on our bulk RNAseq data from DMSO and BrdU treated human cell lines (created with BioRender). (B) Venn diagram showing the number of receptors inferred from BulkSignalR to be activated across each of the five human cell types. Three receptors were identified in common between astrocytes (purple), endothelial cells (pink), and microglia (yellow) which were the cell types shown (Figure ) to be capable of receiving senescence signals and becoming SA β‐gal positive: CXCR7, KREMEN2, and GIPR. Only CXCR7 was expressed in the cell types capable of entering secondary senescence (astrocytes, endothelial cells, microglia) (Figure , Figure ). (C) TPM expression values of CXCR7 , its ligand CXCL12 , and DPP4 which cleaves and inactivates CXCL12 in DMSO (gray) and BrdU (red) treated cell lines ( n = 3 replicates). (D) Schematic of the four selected SASP inhibitors mechanisms of action: Bindarit is a CCL2 synthesis inhibitor which prevents p65 activation of the CCL2 gene at the promoter <t>region,</t> <t>ISO‐1</t> is a MIF antagonist, ACT‐1004‐1239 is a CXCR7 antagonist, and Sitagliptin inhibits DPP4 preventing its action of cleaving and inactivating CXCL12 (created with BioRender). Data were analyzed by two‐way ANOVA with Tukey's multiple comparisons test (C). All graphs show mean with error bars depicting standard deviation (ns, p > 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001).
    Migration Inhibitor Factor Mif Antagonist Iso 1, supplied by MedChemExpress, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 95/100, based on 35 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/factor+1/ISO-1/pmc13476760-307-2-8
    Average 95 stars, based on 35 article reviews
    migration inhibitor factor mif antagonist iso 1 - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
    95/100 stars

    Images

    1) Product Images from "Characterizing the SASP ‐Dependent Paracrine Spreading of Senescence Between Human Brain Cell Types"

    Article Title: Characterizing the SASP ‐Dependent Paracrine Spreading of Senescence Between Human Brain Cell Types

    Journal: Aging Cell

    doi: 10.1111/acel.70673

    Analysis of ligands and receptors in senescent and receiving cells. (A) Schematic depicting BulkSignalR pipeline which uses known ligand‐receptor interactions and affected downstream pathways to analyze their activation based on our bulk RNAseq data from DMSO and BrdU treated human cell lines (created with BioRender). (B) Venn diagram showing the number of receptors inferred from BulkSignalR to be activated across each of the five human cell types. Three receptors were identified in common between astrocytes (purple), endothelial cells (pink), and microglia (yellow) which were the cell types shown (Figure ) to be capable of receiving senescence signals and becoming SA β‐gal positive: CXCR7, KREMEN2, and GIPR. Only CXCR7 was expressed in the cell types capable of entering secondary senescence (astrocytes, endothelial cells, microglia) (Figure , Figure ). (C) TPM expression values of CXCR7 , its ligand CXCL12 , and DPP4 which cleaves and inactivates CXCL12 in DMSO (gray) and BrdU (red) treated cell lines ( n = 3 replicates). (D) Schematic of the four selected SASP inhibitors mechanisms of action: Bindarit is a CCL2 synthesis inhibitor which prevents p65 activation of the CCL2 gene at the promoter region, ISO‐1 is a MIF antagonist, ACT‐1004‐1239 is a CXCR7 antagonist, and Sitagliptin inhibits DPP4 preventing its action of cleaving and inactivating CXCL12 (created with BioRender). Data were analyzed by two‐way ANOVA with Tukey's multiple comparisons test (C). All graphs show mean with error bars depicting standard deviation (ns, p > 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001).
    Figure Legend Snippet: Analysis of ligands and receptors in senescent and receiving cells. (A) Schematic depicting BulkSignalR pipeline which uses known ligand‐receptor interactions and affected downstream pathways to analyze their activation based on our bulk RNAseq data from DMSO and BrdU treated human cell lines (created with BioRender). (B) Venn diagram showing the number of receptors inferred from BulkSignalR to be activated across each of the five human cell types. Three receptors were identified in common between astrocytes (purple), endothelial cells (pink), and microglia (yellow) which were the cell types shown (Figure ) to be capable of receiving senescence signals and becoming SA β‐gal positive: CXCR7, KREMEN2, and GIPR. Only CXCR7 was expressed in the cell types capable of entering secondary senescence (astrocytes, endothelial cells, microglia) (Figure , Figure ). (C) TPM expression values of CXCR7 , its ligand CXCL12 , and DPP4 which cleaves and inactivates CXCL12 in DMSO (gray) and BrdU (red) treated cell lines ( n = 3 replicates). (D) Schematic of the four selected SASP inhibitors mechanisms of action: Bindarit is a CCL2 synthesis inhibitor which prevents p65 activation of the CCL2 gene at the promoter region, ISO‐1 is a MIF antagonist, ACT‐1004‐1239 is a CXCR7 antagonist, and Sitagliptin inhibits DPP4 preventing its action of cleaving and inactivating CXCL12 (created with BioRender). Data were analyzed by two‐way ANOVA with Tukey's multiple comparisons test (C). All graphs show mean with error bars depicting standard deviation (ns, p > 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001).

    Techniques Used: Activation Assay, RNA sequencing, Expressing, Standard Deviation

    Targeting SASP ligands and receptors to prevent the spreading of senescence. (A) Quantification of percentage of SA β‐gal positive astrocytes following 7‐day treatment with 100 μM BrdU (red) along with 200 μM Bindarit (pink), 50 μM ISO‐1 (blue), 200 μM ACT‐1004‐1239 (orange), or 2 μM Sitagliptin (green) ( n = 6 replicates). (B) Quantification of percentage of SA β‐gal positive microglia following 7‐day treatment with 100 μM BrdU (red) along with 200 μM Bindarit (pink), 50 μM ISO‐1 (blue), 200 μM ACT‐1004‐1239 (orange), or 2 μM Sitagliptin (green) ( n = 6 replicates). (C) Timeline showing treatment with DMSO + Bindarit CM or BrdU + Bindarit CM for 7 days. Timeline showing treatment with DMSO or 100 μM BrdU along with SASP inhibitors (ISO‐1, ACT‐1004‐1239, or Sitagliptin) for 7 days. Features of senescence were analyzed 8 days after the initial plating of cells (created with BioRender). (D) Quantification of percentage of SA β‐gal positive astrocytes following 7‐day treatment with DMSO + Bindarit CM from astrocytes (gray), BrdU + Bindarit CM from astrocytes (red), DMSO CM from astrocytes + SASP inhibitor (gray), or BrdU CM from astrocytes + SASP inhibitor (red) ( n = 4 replicates). Quantification of percentage of SA β‐gal positive astrocytes following 7‐day treatment with DMSO CM from astrocytes + Bindarit (gray) or BrdU CM from astrocytes + Bindarit (red) ( n = 4 replicates). (E) Quantification of percentage of SA β‐gal positive astrocytes following 7‐day treatment with DMSO + Bindarit CM from microglia (gray), BrdU + Bindarit CM from microglia (red), DMSO CM from microglia + SASP inhibitor (gray), or BrdU CM from microglia + SASP inhibitor (red) ( n = 4 replicates). Quantification of percentage of SA β‐gal positive astrocytes following 7‐day treatment with DMSO CM from microglia + Bindarit (gray) or BrdU CM from microglia + Bindarit (red) ( n = 4 replicates). (F) Quantification of percentage of SA β‐gal positive microglia following 7‐day treatment with DMSO + Bindarit CM from microglia (gray), BrdU + Bindarit CM from microglia (red), DMSO CM from microglia + SASP inhibitor (gray), or BrdU CM from microglia + SASP inhibitor (red) ( n = 4 replicates). Quantification of percentage of SA β‐gal positive astrocytes following 7‐day treatment with DMSO CM from microglia + Bindarit (gray) or BrdU CM from microglia + Bindarit (red) ( n = 4 replicates). (G) Quantification of percentage of SA β‐gal positive microglia following 7‐day treatment with DMSO + Bindarit CM from astrocytes (gray), BrdU + Bindarit CM from astrocytes (red), DMSO CM from astrocytes + SASP inhibitor (gray), or BrdU CM from astrocytes + SASP inhibitor (red) ( n = 4 replicates). Quantification of percentage of SA β‐gal positive astrocytes following 7‐day treatment with DMSO CM from astrocytes + Bindarit (gray) or BrdU CM from astrocytes + Bindarit (red) ( n = 4 replicates). Data analyzed by unpaired t ‐test (A, B) and two‐way ANOVA with Tukey's or Šídák's multiple comparisons test (D–G). All graphs show mean with error bars depicting standard deviation (ns, p > 0.05, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001).
    Figure Legend Snippet: Targeting SASP ligands and receptors to prevent the spreading of senescence. (A) Quantification of percentage of SA β‐gal positive astrocytes following 7‐day treatment with 100 μM BrdU (red) along with 200 μM Bindarit (pink), 50 μM ISO‐1 (blue), 200 μM ACT‐1004‐1239 (orange), or 2 μM Sitagliptin (green) ( n = 6 replicates). (B) Quantification of percentage of SA β‐gal positive microglia following 7‐day treatment with 100 μM BrdU (red) along with 200 μM Bindarit (pink), 50 μM ISO‐1 (blue), 200 μM ACT‐1004‐1239 (orange), or 2 μM Sitagliptin (green) ( n = 6 replicates). (C) Timeline showing treatment with DMSO + Bindarit CM or BrdU + Bindarit CM for 7 days. Timeline showing treatment with DMSO or 100 μM BrdU along with SASP inhibitors (ISO‐1, ACT‐1004‐1239, or Sitagliptin) for 7 days. Features of senescence were analyzed 8 days after the initial plating of cells (created with BioRender). (D) Quantification of percentage of SA β‐gal positive astrocytes following 7‐day treatment with DMSO + Bindarit CM from astrocytes (gray), BrdU + Bindarit CM from astrocytes (red), DMSO CM from astrocytes + SASP inhibitor (gray), or BrdU CM from astrocytes + SASP inhibitor (red) ( n = 4 replicates). Quantification of percentage of SA β‐gal positive astrocytes following 7‐day treatment with DMSO CM from astrocytes + Bindarit (gray) or BrdU CM from astrocytes + Bindarit (red) ( n = 4 replicates). (E) Quantification of percentage of SA β‐gal positive astrocytes following 7‐day treatment with DMSO + Bindarit CM from microglia (gray), BrdU + Bindarit CM from microglia (red), DMSO CM from microglia + SASP inhibitor (gray), or BrdU CM from microglia + SASP inhibitor (red) ( n = 4 replicates). Quantification of percentage of SA β‐gal positive astrocytes following 7‐day treatment with DMSO CM from microglia + Bindarit (gray) or BrdU CM from microglia + Bindarit (red) ( n = 4 replicates). (F) Quantification of percentage of SA β‐gal positive microglia following 7‐day treatment with DMSO + Bindarit CM from microglia (gray), BrdU + Bindarit CM from microglia (red), DMSO CM from microglia + SASP inhibitor (gray), or BrdU CM from microglia + SASP inhibitor (red) ( n = 4 replicates). Quantification of percentage of SA β‐gal positive astrocytes following 7‐day treatment with DMSO CM from microglia + Bindarit (gray) or BrdU CM from microglia + Bindarit (red) ( n = 4 replicates). (G) Quantification of percentage of SA β‐gal positive microglia following 7‐day treatment with DMSO + Bindarit CM from astrocytes (gray), BrdU + Bindarit CM from astrocytes (red), DMSO CM from astrocytes + SASP inhibitor (gray), or BrdU CM from astrocytes + SASP inhibitor (red) ( n = 4 replicates). Quantification of percentage of SA β‐gal positive astrocytes following 7‐day treatment with DMSO CM from astrocytes + Bindarit (gray) or BrdU CM from astrocytes + Bindarit (red) ( n = 4 replicates). Data analyzed by unpaired t ‐test (A, B) and two‐way ANOVA with Tukey's or Šídák's multiple comparisons test (D–G). All graphs show mean with error bars depicting standard deviation (ns, p > 0.05, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001).

    Techniques Used: Standard Deviation

    Related Articles

    Cell Culture:

    Article Title: ROS-Responsive Eye Drop for Controlled Release of 20-Deoxyingenol Improves Diabetic Corneal Healing by Activating Macrophage Autophagy and Metabolic Reprogramming.
    Article Snippet: RAW264.7 cells were maintained in DMEM (Gibco, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA; Cat. No. 11995073) supplemented with 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum (Gibco, Cat. No. 10500064) at 37◦C in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO2 . .. To establish a high-glucose (HG) model, cells were cultured in medium containing 35 mM glucose for 48 h. Subsequently, the HG-treated cells were randomly divided into seven groups: HG control; IL-10 (20 ng mL− 1 ); 20-DOI (50 μg mL− 1 ); TP (TP microspheres prepared from 1 mL PVA raw material); TP/20DOI (TP microspheres prepared from 1 mL PVA raw material, containing 1 mg mL− 1 20-DOI); TP/20-DOI + Spautin-1 (SP, 0.15 μg mL− 1 ; MedChemExpress; Cat. No. HY-12990); and TP/20-DOI + Rotenone (Rot, 0.5 μM; Sigma–Aldrich St. Louis, MO, USA; Cat. No. R8875). ..

    Article Title: Lung epithelial endothelin-1 drives iron dysregulation and skeletal injury after SARS-CoV-2 infection.
    Article Snippet: Specifically, ATDC5 and C28/I2 cells were maintained in DMEM/F-12 with 5% FBS; A549, A549-hACE2, HUVEC, and MG-63 cells in DMEM with 10% FBS; and commercial human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs; Oricell) in α-MEM with 15% FBS and 5 ng/mL fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2; MCE) expanded to passage 6. .. Primary human chondrocytes, isolated from the osteoarthritic cartilage as previously described,75 were cultured in DMEM/F-12 with 10% FBS, 5 ng/mL FGF-1 (MCE), and 1 ng/mL transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1; MCE), using cells below passage 10. ..

    Control:

    Article Title: ROS-Responsive Eye Drop for Controlled Release of 20-Deoxyingenol Improves Diabetic Corneal Healing by Activating Macrophage Autophagy and Metabolic Reprogramming.
    Article Snippet: RAW264.7 cells were maintained in DMEM (Gibco, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA; Cat. No. 11995073) supplemented with 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum (Gibco, Cat. No. 10500064) at 37◦C in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO2 . .. To establish a high-glucose (HG) model, cells were cultured in medium containing 35 mM glucose for 48 h. Subsequently, the HG-treated cells were randomly divided into seven groups: HG control; IL-10 (20 ng mL− 1 ); 20-DOI (50 μg mL− 1 ); TP (TP microspheres prepared from 1 mL PVA raw material); TP/20DOI (TP microspheres prepared from 1 mL PVA raw material, containing 1 mg mL− 1 20-DOI); TP/20-DOI + Spautin-1 (SP, 0.15 μg mL− 1 ; MedChemExpress; Cat. No. HY-12990); and TP/20-DOI + Rotenone (Rot, 0.5 μM; Sigma–Aldrich St. Louis, MO, USA; Cat. No. R8875). ..

    Raw Material:

    Article Title: ROS-Responsive Eye Drop for Controlled Release of 20-Deoxyingenol Improves Diabetic Corneal Healing by Activating Macrophage Autophagy and Metabolic Reprogramming.
    Article Snippet: RAW264.7 cells were maintained in DMEM (Gibco, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA; Cat. No. 11995073) supplemented with 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum (Gibco, Cat. No. 10500064) at 37◦C in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO2 . .. To establish a high-glucose (HG) model, cells were cultured in medium containing 35 mM glucose for 48 h. Subsequently, the HG-treated cells were randomly divided into seven groups: HG control; IL-10 (20 ng mL− 1 ); 20-DOI (50 μg mL− 1 ); TP (TP microspheres prepared from 1 mL PVA raw material); TP/20DOI (TP microspheres prepared from 1 mL PVA raw material, containing 1 mg mL− 1 20-DOI); TP/20-DOI + Spautin-1 (SP, 0.15 μg mL− 1 ; MedChemExpress; Cat. No. HY-12990); and TP/20-DOI + Rotenone (Rot, 0.5 μM; Sigma–Aldrich St. Louis, MO, USA; Cat. No. R8875). ..

    Isolation:

    Article Title: Lung epithelial endothelin-1 drives iron dysregulation and skeletal injury after SARS-CoV-2 infection.
    Article Snippet: Specifically, ATDC5 and C28/I2 cells were maintained in DMEM/F-12 with 5% FBS; A549, A549-hACE2, HUVEC, and MG-63 cells in DMEM with 10% FBS; and commercial human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs; Oricell) in α-MEM with 15% FBS and 5 ng/mL fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2; MCE) expanded to passage 6. .. Primary human chondrocytes, isolated from the osteoarthritic cartilage as previously described,75 were cultured in DMEM/F-12 with 10% FBS, 5 ng/mL FGF-1 (MCE), and 1 ng/mL transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1; MCE), using cells below passage 10. ..

    Activation Assay:

    Article Title: Sodium benzoate induces cardiotoxicity by suppressing the PI3K/AKT/GSK3β signaling axis: An integrated network toxicology and experimental study.
    Article Snippet: .. For Akt activation experiments, cells were pretreated with the Akt activator SC79 (10 μM, MCE, Cat. No. HY− 18749) for 1 h, followed by SB (20 mM) exposure for 24 h. The concentration of SC79 was selected based on previous studies demonstrating effective Akt activation in cardiomyocytes (Zheng et al., 2017). .. AC16 cells were seeded in 96-well plates at a density of 8000 cells per well and incubated for 24 h. Cells were then treated with SB and NaCl (MCE, Cat. No. HY-Y0344D) for an additional 24 h. SB and NaCl were dissolved in DMEM prior to use.

    Concentration Assay:

    Article Title: Sodium benzoate induces cardiotoxicity by suppressing the PI3K/AKT/GSK3β signaling axis: An integrated network toxicology and experimental study.
    Article Snippet: .. For Akt activation experiments, cells were pretreated with the Akt activator SC79 (10 μM, MCE, Cat. No. HY− 18749) for 1 h, followed by SB (20 mM) exposure for 24 h. The concentration of SC79 was selected based on previous studies demonstrating effective Akt activation in cardiomyocytes (Zheng et al., 2017). .. AC16 cells were seeded in 96-well plates at a density of 8000 cells per well and incubated for 24 h. Cells were then treated with SB and NaCl (MCE, Cat. No. HY-Y0344D) for an additional 24 h. SB and NaCl were dissolved in DMEM prior to use.

    Migration:

    Article Title: Characterizing the SASP ‐Dependent Paracrine Spreading of Senescence Between Human Brain Cell Types
    Article Snippet: .. Treatment with migration inhibitor factor (MIF) antagonist ISO‐1 (MedChemExpress, Catalog No. HY‐16692) (Kok et al. ) was utilized to prevent MIF‐associated communication between senescence inducers and receiving cells. ..

    Mouse Assay:

    Article Title:
    Article Snippet: .. Mice were treated with mTORC1/S6K/eIF-4B signaling pathway agonist MHY1485 (MCE) intraperitoneally at a dosage of 10 mg/kg daily from the day of surgery to the end of observational period. ..

    H&E Stain:

    Article Title: Lung epithelial endothelin-1 drives iron dysregulation and skeletal injury after SARS-CoV-2 infection.
    Article Snippet: REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Antibodies Anti-DDDDK (Flag) Tag Antibody Abcam Cat#ab1162; RRID:AB_2223202 Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein RBD Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA5-36247; RRID:AB_2890589 Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA17404; RRID:AB_1018422 Anti-endothelin-1 (ET-1) Antibody Abcam Cat#ab117757; RRID:AB_10890133 Anti-ETAR Antibody Abcam Cat#ab117521; RRID:AB_10890131 Anti-ETBR Antibody Abcam Cat#ab117529; RRID:AB_1090207 Anti-vWF Antibody Abcam Cat#ab6994; RRID:AB_305602 Anti-4HNE Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA527570; RRID:AB_2737298 Anti-Caspase 3 Antibody Invitrogen Cat#43-7800; RRID:AB_2533540 Anti-SP7 Antibody Abcam Cat#ab209484; RRID:AB_2894090 Anti-TFR1 Antibody Abcam Cat#ab84036; RRID:AB_1640421 Anti-p16INK4a Antibody Abcam Cat#ab189034; RRID:AB_2713948 Anti-p21 Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA5-42680; RRID:AB_2687564 Anti-Actin Antibody Abcam Cat#ab179467; RRID:AB_2223046 Anti-Spike Protein S1 Neutralizing Antibody Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A Anti-His Antibody Sigma SAB2702218; RRID:AB_3717312 Anti-Flag Antibody Sigma F3165; RRID:AB_259529 Anti-Myc Antibody Sigma A5963; RRID:AB_258265 Anti-TMO20 Antibody Proteintech Cat#11802-1-AP; RRID:AB_10859670 Bacterial and virus strains SARS-CoV-2 (HKU-001a, wildtype) Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong (GenBank accession number MT230904) N/A B.1.617.2/Delta Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong (GenBank accession number OM212471) N/A Omicron EG.5.1 Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong (GISAID: EPL_ISL_18461518) N/A SARS-CoV-2 D614G Spike Pseudovirus-Luciferase reporter Dr. Lin Zhu, Hong Kong Baptist University N/A SARS-CoV-2 D614G Spike Pseudovirus-GFP reporter Tsingke Biotechnology Co., Ltd. N/A Biological samples Human lung tissue Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Human tibial osteochondral explants Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Human articular cartilage explants Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Human plasma samples Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Hamster organs (lung, liver, kidney, spleen) This paper N/A Hamster leg tissue This paper N/A Chemicals, peptides, and recombinant proteins Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Sinobiological Cat#40589-V08B1 (Continued on next page) 20 Cell Reports 45, 117841, August 25, 2026 .. REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Endothelin-1 Sigma-Aldrich Cat#117399-94-7 Macitentan Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd N/A BQ123 MCE Cat#HY-12378 BQ788 MCE Cat#HY-15894A FGF-2, Human MCE CatHY-P7004 FGF-1, Human MCE Cat#HY-P7001 TGF-β1, Human MCE Cat#HY-P7118 IL-1β, Human MCE Cat#HY-P7028 ITS-Premix Gibco Cat#41400045 L-proline MCE Cat#HY-Y0252 L-ascorbic acid-2-phosphate MCE Cat#HY-103701 Dexamethasone MCE Cat#HY-14648 Sodium pyruvate Gibco Cat#11360070 Triiodothyronine (T3) MCE Cat#HY-A0070A Penicillin-Streptomycin (P/S) Gibco Cat#15140122 Amphotericin B Gibco Cat#15290018 Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) Dieckmann Cat#E112487 DMSO MCE Cat#HY-Y0320 Xylazine AlfaMeedic Ltd. N/A Ketamine AlfaMeedic Ltd. N/A SARS-CoV-2 S2 protein containing a C-terminal 8×His tag Sangon Biotech Cat#D625027 ETBR protein containing C-terminal Flag and Myc tags OriGene Technologies Cat#TP304899 CoCl2 MCE Cat#HY-W019980D Critical commercial assays 3,3′-Diaminobenzidine (DAB) Vector Lab Cat#SK-4100 H&E Stain Kit Abcam Cat#ab245880 Prussian Blue Stain Kit Abcam Cat#ab150674 Masson’s Trichrome Stain Kit Abcam Cat#ab150686 TRAP Stain Kit Amizona Scientific Cat#AMK1002-010 Annexin V-FITC/PI Apoptosis Detection Kit MCE Cat#HY-K1073 Caspase-3/7 Activity Assay Kit Promega Cat#G8091 Luciferase Assay System Promega Cat#E1501 E.Z.N.A.® Total RNA Kit Omega Cat#R1034-00 PrimeScript RT Master Mix (Perfect Real Time) Kit TaKaRa Cat#RR036B One-Step TB Green RT-PCR Kit TaKaRa Cat#RR086A RNeasy Mini Kit Qiagen Cat#74104 E.Z.N.A.® Endo-Free Plasmid DNA Midi Kit Omega Cat#D6915-04 Lenti-X Lentiviral Packaging System TaKaRa Cat#632673 Lipofectamine RNAiMAX Transfection Reagent Invitrogen Cat#13778075 LipofectamineTM 3000 Transfection Reagent Invitrogen Cat#L3000001 Plasmids amplified kit TaKaRa Cat#9057 Human Endothelin 1 ELISA Kit ABclonal Cat#RK09252 Cell Counting Kit-8 Biosharp Cat#BS350B (Continued on next page) Cell Reports 45, 117841, August 25, 2026 21 .. REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Deposited data RNA-Seq dataset Gene Expression Omnibus GSE267009 Single-nuclei RNA-Seq dataset Gene Expression Omnibus GSE171524 Endothelin type B receptor Protein Structure Database PDB ID: 6IGL SARS-CoV-2 spike S2 fragment Prof. Xioadi Tang, SiChuan University residues 805–1020 Experimental models: Cell lines ATDC5 cells Prof. Limin Rong, Sun Yat-Sen University N/A C28/I2 cells Prof. Danny Chan, The University of Hong Kong N/A A549 cells Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A A549-hACE2 cells Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A HUVEC cells Prof. Mo Yang, he Hong Kong Polytechnic University N/A MG-63 cells Dr. Poon Chui-wa, Christina, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University N/A Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) Oricell N/A Primary human chondrocytes Isolated from osteoarthritic cartilage, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Experimental models: Organisms/strains Golden Syrian hamsters Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A Oligonucleotides siRNA targeting EDNRA (SilencerTM Select Pre-Designed) Invitrogen s4465 siRNA targeting EDNRB (SilencerTM Select Pre-Designed) Invitrogen s4468 siRNA targeting EDN1 (Sense: 5′-CGAGCACGUUGU UCCGUAU(dT)(dT)-3’; Antisense: 5′-AUACGGAACAACGUGCUCG (dT)(dT)-3′ Tsingke N/A siRNA Negative Contral Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: β-actin Forward (5′-CACCATTGGCAATGAGCGGTTC3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: β-actin Reverse (5′-AGGTCTTTGCGGATGTCCACGT-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: RdRp Forward (5′-CGCATACAGTCTTRCAGGCT-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: RdRp Reverse (5′-GTGTGATGTTGAWATGACATGGTC-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: GAPDH Forward (5′-AGGGCTGCTTTTAACTCTGGTAAA-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: GAPDH Reverse (5′-GAATTTGCCATGGGTGGAAT-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: TFRC Forward (5′-ATCGGTTGGTGCCACTGAATGG-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: TFRC Reverse (5′-ACAACAGTGGGCTGGCAGAAAC-3′) Tsingke N/A (Continued on next page) 22 Cell Reports 45, 117841, August 25, 2026

    Staining:

    Article Title: Lung epithelial endothelin-1 drives iron dysregulation and skeletal injury after SARS-CoV-2 infection.
    Article Snippet: REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Antibodies Anti-DDDDK (Flag) Tag Antibody Abcam Cat#ab1162; RRID:AB_2223202 Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein RBD Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA5-36247; RRID:AB_2890589 Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA17404; RRID:AB_1018422 Anti-endothelin-1 (ET-1) Antibody Abcam Cat#ab117757; RRID:AB_10890133 Anti-ETAR Antibody Abcam Cat#ab117521; RRID:AB_10890131 Anti-ETBR Antibody Abcam Cat#ab117529; RRID:AB_1090207 Anti-vWF Antibody Abcam Cat#ab6994; RRID:AB_305602 Anti-4HNE Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA527570; RRID:AB_2737298 Anti-Caspase 3 Antibody Invitrogen Cat#43-7800; RRID:AB_2533540 Anti-SP7 Antibody Abcam Cat#ab209484; RRID:AB_2894090 Anti-TFR1 Antibody Abcam Cat#ab84036; RRID:AB_1640421 Anti-p16INK4a Antibody Abcam Cat#ab189034; RRID:AB_2713948 Anti-p21 Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA5-42680; RRID:AB_2687564 Anti-Actin Antibody Abcam Cat#ab179467; RRID:AB_2223046 Anti-Spike Protein S1 Neutralizing Antibody Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A Anti-His Antibody Sigma SAB2702218; RRID:AB_3717312 Anti-Flag Antibody Sigma F3165; RRID:AB_259529 Anti-Myc Antibody Sigma A5963; RRID:AB_258265 Anti-TMO20 Antibody Proteintech Cat#11802-1-AP; RRID:AB_10859670 Bacterial and virus strains SARS-CoV-2 (HKU-001a, wildtype) Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong (GenBank accession number MT230904) N/A B.1.617.2/Delta Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong (GenBank accession number OM212471) N/A Omicron EG.5.1 Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong (GISAID: EPL_ISL_18461518) N/A SARS-CoV-2 D614G Spike Pseudovirus-Luciferase reporter Dr. Lin Zhu, Hong Kong Baptist University N/A SARS-CoV-2 D614G Spike Pseudovirus-GFP reporter Tsingke Biotechnology Co., Ltd. N/A Biological samples Human lung tissue Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Human tibial osteochondral explants Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Human articular cartilage explants Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Human plasma samples Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Hamster organs (lung, liver, kidney, spleen) This paper N/A Hamster leg tissue This paper N/A Chemicals, peptides, and recombinant proteins Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Sinobiological Cat#40589-V08B1 (Continued on next page) 20 Cell Reports 45, 117841, August 25, 2026 .. REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Endothelin-1 Sigma-Aldrich Cat#117399-94-7 Macitentan Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd N/A BQ123 MCE Cat#HY-12378 BQ788 MCE Cat#HY-15894A FGF-2, Human MCE CatHY-P7004 FGF-1, Human MCE Cat#HY-P7001 TGF-β1, Human MCE Cat#HY-P7118 IL-1β, Human MCE Cat#HY-P7028 ITS-Premix Gibco Cat#41400045 L-proline MCE Cat#HY-Y0252 L-ascorbic acid-2-phosphate MCE Cat#HY-103701 Dexamethasone MCE Cat#HY-14648 Sodium pyruvate Gibco Cat#11360070 Triiodothyronine (T3) MCE Cat#HY-A0070A Penicillin-Streptomycin (P/S) Gibco Cat#15140122 Amphotericin B Gibco Cat#15290018 Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) Dieckmann Cat#E112487 DMSO MCE Cat#HY-Y0320 Xylazine AlfaMeedic Ltd. N/A Ketamine AlfaMeedic Ltd. N/A SARS-CoV-2 S2 protein containing a C-terminal 8×His tag Sangon Biotech Cat#D625027 ETBR protein containing C-terminal Flag and Myc tags OriGene Technologies Cat#TP304899 CoCl2 MCE Cat#HY-W019980D Critical commercial assays 3,3′-Diaminobenzidine (DAB) Vector Lab Cat#SK-4100 H&E Stain Kit Abcam Cat#ab245880 Prussian Blue Stain Kit Abcam Cat#ab150674 Masson’s Trichrome Stain Kit Abcam Cat#ab150686 TRAP Stain Kit Amizona Scientific Cat#AMK1002-010 Annexin V-FITC/PI Apoptosis Detection Kit MCE Cat#HY-K1073 Caspase-3/7 Activity Assay Kit Promega Cat#G8091 Luciferase Assay System Promega Cat#E1501 E.Z.N.A.® Total RNA Kit Omega Cat#R1034-00 PrimeScript RT Master Mix (Perfect Real Time) Kit TaKaRa Cat#RR036B One-Step TB Green RT-PCR Kit TaKaRa Cat#RR086A RNeasy Mini Kit Qiagen Cat#74104 E.Z.N.A.® Endo-Free Plasmid DNA Midi Kit Omega Cat#D6915-04 Lenti-X Lentiviral Packaging System TaKaRa Cat#632673 Lipofectamine RNAiMAX Transfection Reagent Invitrogen Cat#13778075 LipofectamineTM 3000 Transfection Reagent Invitrogen Cat#L3000001 Plasmids amplified kit TaKaRa Cat#9057 Human Endothelin 1 ELISA Kit ABclonal Cat#RK09252 Cell Counting Kit-8 Biosharp Cat#BS350B (Continued on next page) Cell Reports 45, 117841, August 25, 2026 21 .. REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Deposited data RNA-Seq dataset Gene Expression Omnibus GSE267009 Single-nuclei RNA-Seq dataset Gene Expression Omnibus GSE171524 Endothelin type B receptor Protein Structure Database PDB ID: 6IGL SARS-CoV-2 spike S2 fragment Prof. Xioadi Tang, SiChuan University residues 805–1020 Experimental models: Cell lines ATDC5 cells Prof. Limin Rong, Sun Yat-Sen University N/A C28/I2 cells Prof. Danny Chan, The University of Hong Kong N/A A549 cells Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A A549-hACE2 cells Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A HUVEC cells Prof. Mo Yang, he Hong Kong Polytechnic University N/A MG-63 cells Dr. Poon Chui-wa, Christina, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University N/A Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) Oricell N/A Primary human chondrocytes Isolated from osteoarthritic cartilage, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Experimental models: Organisms/strains Golden Syrian hamsters Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A Oligonucleotides siRNA targeting EDNRA (SilencerTM Select Pre-Designed) Invitrogen s4465 siRNA targeting EDNRB (SilencerTM Select Pre-Designed) Invitrogen s4468 siRNA targeting EDN1 (Sense: 5′-CGAGCACGUUGU UCCGUAU(dT)(dT)-3’; Antisense: 5′-AUACGGAACAACGUGCUCG (dT)(dT)-3′ Tsingke N/A siRNA Negative Contral Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: β-actin Forward (5′-CACCATTGGCAATGAGCGGTTC3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: β-actin Reverse (5′-AGGTCTTTGCGGATGTCCACGT-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: RdRp Forward (5′-CGCATACAGTCTTRCAGGCT-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: RdRp Reverse (5′-GTGTGATGTTGAWATGACATGGTC-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: GAPDH Forward (5′-AGGGCTGCTTTTAACTCTGGTAAA-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: GAPDH Reverse (5′-GAATTTGCCATGGGTGGAAT-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: TFRC Forward (5′-ATCGGTTGGTGCCACTGAATGG-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: TFRC Reverse (5′-ACAACAGTGGGCTGGCAGAAAC-3′) Tsingke N/A (Continued on next page) 22 Cell Reports 45, 117841, August 25, 2026

    Activity Assay:

    Article Title: Lung epithelial endothelin-1 drives iron dysregulation and skeletal injury after SARS-CoV-2 infection.
    Article Snippet: REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Antibodies Anti-DDDDK (Flag) Tag Antibody Abcam Cat#ab1162; RRID:AB_2223202 Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein RBD Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA5-36247; RRID:AB_2890589 Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA17404; RRID:AB_1018422 Anti-endothelin-1 (ET-1) Antibody Abcam Cat#ab117757; RRID:AB_10890133 Anti-ETAR Antibody Abcam Cat#ab117521; RRID:AB_10890131 Anti-ETBR Antibody Abcam Cat#ab117529; RRID:AB_1090207 Anti-vWF Antibody Abcam Cat#ab6994; RRID:AB_305602 Anti-4HNE Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA527570; RRID:AB_2737298 Anti-Caspase 3 Antibody Invitrogen Cat#43-7800; RRID:AB_2533540 Anti-SP7 Antibody Abcam Cat#ab209484; RRID:AB_2894090 Anti-TFR1 Antibody Abcam Cat#ab84036; RRID:AB_1640421 Anti-p16INK4a Antibody Abcam Cat#ab189034; RRID:AB_2713948 Anti-p21 Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA5-42680; RRID:AB_2687564 Anti-Actin Antibody Abcam Cat#ab179467; RRID:AB_2223046 Anti-Spike Protein S1 Neutralizing Antibody Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A Anti-His Antibody Sigma SAB2702218; RRID:AB_3717312 Anti-Flag Antibody Sigma F3165; RRID:AB_259529 Anti-Myc Antibody Sigma A5963; RRID:AB_258265 Anti-TMO20 Antibody Proteintech Cat#11802-1-AP; RRID:AB_10859670 Bacterial and virus strains SARS-CoV-2 (HKU-001a, wildtype) Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong (GenBank accession number MT230904) N/A B.1.617.2/Delta Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong (GenBank accession number OM212471) N/A Omicron EG.5.1 Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong (GISAID: EPL_ISL_18461518) N/A SARS-CoV-2 D614G Spike Pseudovirus-Luciferase reporter Dr. Lin Zhu, Hong Kong Baptist University N/A SARS-CoV-2 D614G Spike Pseudovirus-GFP reporter Tsingke Biotechnology Co., Ltd. N/A Biological samples Human lung tissue Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Human tibial osteochondral explants Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Human articular cartilage explants Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Human plasma samples Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Hamster organs (lung, liver, kidney, spleen) This paper N/A Hamster leg tissue This paper N/A Chemicals, peptides, and recombinant proteins Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Sinobiological Cat#40589-V08B1 (Continued on next page) 20 Cell Reports 45, 117841, August 25, 2026 .. REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Endothelin-1 Sigma-Aldrich Cat#117399-94-7 Macitentan Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd N/A BQ123 MCE Cat#HY-12378 BQ788 MCE Cat#HY-15894A FGF-2, Human MCE CatHY-P7004 FGF-1, Human MCE Cat#HY-P7001 TGF-β1, Human MCE Cat#HY-P7118 IL-1β, Human MCE Cat#HY-P7028 ITS-Premix Gibco Cat#41400045 L-proline MCE Cat#HY-Y0252 L-ascorbic acid-2-phosphate MCE Cat#HY-103701 Dexamethasone MCE Cat#HY-14648 Sodium pyruvate Gibco Cat#11360070 Triiodothyronine (T3) MCE Cat#HY-A0070A Penicillin-Streptomycin (P/S) Gibco Cat#15140122 Amphotericin B Gibco Cat#15290018 Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) Dieckmann Cat#E112487 DMSO MCE Cat#HY-Y0320 Xylazine AlfaMeedic Ltd. N/A Ketamine AlfaMeedic Ltd. N/A SARS-CoV-2 S2 protein containing a C-terminal 8×His tag Sangon Biotech Cat#D625027 ETBR protein containing C-terminal Flag and Myc tags OriGene Technologies Cat#TP304899 CoCl2 MCE Cat#HY-W019980D Critical commercial assays 3,3′-Diaminobenzidine (DAB) Vector Lab Cat#SK-4100 H&E Stain Kit Abcam Cat#ab245880 Prussian Blue Stain Kit Abcam Cat#ab150674 Masson’s Trichrome Stain Kit Abcam Cat#ab150686 TRAP Stain Kit Amizona Scientific Cat#AMK1002-010 Annexin V-FITC/PI Apoptosis Detection Kit MCE Cat#HY-K1073 Caspase-3/7 Activity Assay Kit Promega Cat#G8091 Luciferase Assay System Promega Cat#E1501 E.Z.N.A.® Total RNA Kit Omega Cat#R1034-00 PrimeScript RT Master Mix (Perfect Real Time) Kit TaKaRa Cat#RR036B One-Step TB Green RT-PCR Kit TaKaRa Cat#RR086A RNeasy Mini Kit Qiagen Cat#74104 E.Z.N.A.® Endo-Free Plasmid DNA Midi Kit Omega Cat#D6915-04 Lenti-X Lentiviral Packaging System TaKaRa Cat#632673 Lipofectamine RNAiMAX Transfection Reagent Invitrogen Cat#13778075 LipofectamineTM 3000 Transfection Reagent Invitrogen Cat#L3000001 Plasmids amplified kit TaKaRa Cat#9057 Human Endothelin 1 ELISA Kit ABclonal Cat#RK09252 Cell Counting Kit-8 Biosharp Cat#BS350B (Continued on next page) Cell Reports 45, 117841, August 25, 2026 21 .. REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Deposited data RNA-Seq dataset Gene Expression Omnibus GSE267009 Single-nuclei RNA-Seq dataset Gene Expression Omnibus GSE171524 Endothelin type B receptor Protein Structure Database PDB ID: 6IGL SARS-CoV-2 spike S2 fragment Prof. Xioadi Tang, SiChuan University residues 805–1020 Experimental models: Cell lines ATDC5 cells Prof. Limin Rong, Sun Yat-Sen University N/A C28/I2 cells Prof. Danny Chan, The University of Hong Kong N/A A549 cells Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A A549-hACE2 cells Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A HUVEC cells Prof. Mo Yang, he Hong Kong Polytechnic University N/A MG-63 cells Dr. Poon Chui-wa, Christina, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University N/A Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) Oricell N/A Primary human chondrocytes Isolated from osteoarthritic cartilage, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Experimental models: Organisms/strains Golden Syrian hamsters Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A Oligonucleotides siRNA targeting EDNRA (SilencerTM Select Pre-Designed) Invitrogen s4465 siRNA targeting EDNRB (SilencerTM Select Pre-Designed) Invitrogen s4468 siRNA targeting EDN1 (Sense: 5′-CGAGCACGUUGU UCCGUAU(dT)(dT)-3’; Antisense: 5′-AUACGGAACAACGUGCUCG (dT)(dT)-3′ Tsingke N/A siRNA Negative Contral Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: β-actin Forward (5′-CACCATTGGCAATGAGCGGTTC3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: β-actin Reverse (5′-AGGTCTTTGCGGATGTCCACGT-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: RdRp Forward (5′-CGCATACAGTCTTRCAGGCT-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: RdRp Reverse (5′-GTGTGATGTTGAWATGACATGGTC-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: GAPDH Forward (5′-AGGGCTGCTTTTAACTCTGGTAAA-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: GAPDH Reverse (5′-GAATTTGCCATGGGTGGAAT-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: TFRC Forward (5′-ATCGGTTGGTGCCACTGAATGG-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: TFRC Reverse (5′-ACAACAGTGGGCTGGCAGAAAC-3′) Tsingke N/A (Continued on next page) 22 Cell Reports 45, 117841, August 25, 2026

    Luciferase:

    Article Title: Lung epithelial endothelin-1 drives iron dysregulation and skeletal injury after SARS-CoV-2 infection.
    Article Snippet: REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Antibodies Anti-DDDDK (Flag) Tag Antibody Abcam Cat#ab1162; RRID:AB_2223202 Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein RBD Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA5-36247; RRID:AB_2890589 Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA17404; RRID:AB_1018422 Anti-endothelin-1 (ET-1) Antibody Abcam Cat#ab117757; RRID:AB_10890133 Anti-ETAR Antibody Abcam Cat#ab117521; RRID:AB_10890131 Anti-ETBR Antibody Abcam Cat#ab117529; RRID:AB_1090207 Anti-vWF Antibody Abcam Cat#ab6994; RRID:AB_305602 Anti-4HNE Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA527570; RRID:AB_2737298 Anti-Caspase 3 Antibody Invitrogen Cat#43-7800; RRID:AB_2533540 Anti-SP7 Antibody Abcam Cat#ab209484; RRID:AB_2894090 Anti-TFR1 Antibody Abcam Cat#ab84036; RRID:AB_1640421 Anti-p16INK4a Antibody Abcam Cat#ab189034; RRID:AB_2713948 Anti-p21 Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA5-42680; RRID:AB_2687564 Anti-Actin Antibody Abcam Cat#ab179467; RRID:AB_2223046 Anti-Spike Protein S1 Neutralizing Antibody Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A Anti-His Antibody Sigma SAB2702218; RRID:AB_3717312 Anti-Flag Antibody Sigma F3165; RRID:AB_259529 Anti-Myc Antibody Sigma A5963; RRID:AB_258265 Anti-TMO20 Antibody Proteintech Cat#11802-1-AP; RRID:AB_10859670 Bacterial and virus strains SARS-CoV-2 (HKU-001a, wildtype) Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong (GenBank accession number MT230904) N/A B.1.617.2/Delta Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong (GenBank accession number OM212471) N/A Omicron EG.5.1 Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong (GISAID: EPL_ISL_18461518) N/A SARS-CoV-2 D614G Spike Pseudovirus-Luciferase reporter Dr. Lin Zhu, Hong Kong Baptist University N/A SARS-CoV-2 D614G Spike Pseudovirus-GFP reporter Tsingke Biotechnology Co., Ltd. N/A Biological samples Human lung tissue Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Human tibial osteochondral explants Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Human articular cartilage explants Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Human plasma samples Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Hamster organs (lung, liver, kidney, spleen) This paper N/A Hamster leg tissue This paper N/A Chemicals, peptides, and recombinant proteins Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Sinobiological Cat#40589-V08B1 (Continued on next page) 20 Cell Reports 45, 117841, August 25, 2026 .. REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Endothelin-1 Sigma-Aldrich Cat#117399-94-7 Macitentan Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd N/A BQ123 MCE Cat#HY-12378 BQ788 MCE Cat#HY-15894A FGF-2, Human MCE CatHY-P7004 FGF-1, Human MCE Cat#HY-P7001 TGF-β1, Human MCE Cat#HY-P7118 IL-1β, Human MCE Cat#HY-P7028 ITS-Premix Gibco Cat#41400045 L-proline MCE Cat#HY-Y0252 L-ascorbic acid-2-phosphate MCE Cat#HY-103701 Dexamethasone MCE Cat#HY-14648 Sodium pyruvate Gibco Cat#11360070 Triiodothyronine (T3) MCE Cat#HY-A0070A Penicillin-Streptomycin (P/S) Gibco Cat#15140122 Amphotericin B Gibco Cat#15290018 Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) Dieckmann Cat#E112487 DMSO MCE Cat#HY-Y0320 Xylazine AlfaMeedic Ltd. N/A Ketamine AlfaMeedic Ltd. N/A SARS-CoV-2 S2 protein containing a C-terminal 8×His tag Sangon Biotech Cat#D625027 ETBR protein containing C-terminal Flag and Myc tags OriGene Technologies Cat#TP304899 CoCl2 MCE Cat#HY-W019980D Critical commercial assays 3,3′-Diaminobenzidine (DAB) Vector Lab Cat#SK-4100 H&E Stain Kit Abcam Cat#ab245880 Prussian Blue Stain Kit Abcam Cat#ab150674 Masson’s Trichrome Stain Kit Abcam Cat#ab150686 TRAP Stain Kit Amizona Scientific Cat#AMK1002-010 Annexin V-FITC/PI Apoptosis Detection Kit MCE Cat#HY-K1073 Caspase-3/7 Activity Assay Kit Promega Cat#G8091 Luciferase Assay System Promega Cat#E1501 E.Z.N.A.® Total RNA Kit Omega Cat#R1034-00 PrimeScript RT Master Mix (Perfect Real Time) Kit TaKaRa Cat#RR036B One-Step TB Green RT-PCR Kit TaKaRa Cat#RR086A RNeasy Mini Kit Qiagen Cat#74104 E.Z.N.A.® Endo-Free Plasmid DNA Midi Kit Omega Cat#D6915-04 Lenti-X Lentiviral Packaging System TaKaRa Cat#632673 Lipofectamine RNAiMAX Transfection Reagent Invitrogen Cat#13778075 LipofectamineTM 3000 Transfection Reagent Invitrogen Cat#L3000001 Plasmids amplified kit TaKaRa Cat#9057 Human Endothelin 1 ELISA Kit ABclonal Cat#RK09252 Cell Counting Kit-8 Biosharp Cat#BS350B (Continued on next page) Cell Reports 45, 117841, August 25, 2026 21 .. REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Deposited data RNA-Seq dataset Gene Expression Omnibus GSE267009 Single-nuclei RNA-Seq dataset Gene Expression Omnibus GSE171524 Endothelin type B receptor Protein Structure Database PDB ID: 6IGL SARS-CoV-2 spike S2 fragment Prof. Xioadi Tang, SiChuan University residues 805–1020 Experimental models: Cell lines ATDC5 cells Prof. Limin Rong, Sun Yat-Sen University N/A C28/I2 cells Prof. Danny Chan, The University of Hong Kong N/A A549 cells Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A A549-hACE2 cells Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A HUVEC cells Prof. Mo Yang, he Hong Kong Polytechnic University N/A MG-63 cells Dr. Poon Chui-wa, Christina, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University N/A Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) Oricell N/A Primary human chondrocytes Isolated from osteoarthritic cartilage, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Experimental models: Organisms/strains Golden Syrian hamsters Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A Oligonucleotides siRNA targeting EDNRA (SilencerTM Select Pre-Designed) Invitrogen s4465 siRNA targeting EDNRB (SilencerTM Select Pre-Designed) Invitrogen s4468 siRNA targeting EDN1 (Sense: 5′-CGAGCACGUUGU UCCGUAU(dT)(dT)-3’; Antisense: 5′-AUACGGAACAACGUGCUCG (dT)(dT)-3′ Tsingke N/A siRNA Negative Contral Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: β-actin Forward (5′-CACCATTGGCAATGAGCGGTTC3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: β-actin Reverse (5′-AGGTCTTTGCGGATGTCCACGT-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: RdRp Forward (5′-CGCATACAGTCTTRCAGGCT-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: RdRp Reverse (5′-GTGTGATGTTGAWATGACATGGTC-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: GAPDH Forward (5′-AGGGCTGCTTTTAACTCTGGTAAA-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: GAPDH Reverse (5′-GAATTTGCCATGGGTGGAAT-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: TFRC Forward (5′-ATCGGTTGGTGCCACTGAATGG-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: TFRC Reverse (5′-ACAACAGTGGGCTGGCAGAAAC-3′) Tsingke N/A (Continued on next page) 22 Cell Reports 45, 117841, August 25, 2026

    Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction:

    Article Title: Lung epithelial endothelin-1 drives iron dysregulation and skeletal injury after SARS-CoV-2 infection.
    Article Snippet: REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Antibodies Anti-DDDDK (Flag) Tag Antibody Abcam Cat#ab1162; RRID:AB_2223202 Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein RBD Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA5-36247; RRID:AB_2890589 Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA17404; RRID:AB_1018422 Anti-endothelin-1 (ET-1) Antibody Abcam Cat#ab117757; RRID:AB_10890133 Anti-ETAR Antibody Abcam Cat#ab117521; RRID:AB_10890131 Anti-ETBR Antibody Abcam Cat#ab117529; RRID:AB_1090207 Anti-vWF Antibody Abcam Cat#ab6994; RRID:AB_305602 Anti-4HNE Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA527570; RRID:AB_2737298 Anti-Caspase 3 Antibody Invitrogen Cat#43-7800; RRID:AB_2533540 Anti-SP7 Antibody Abcam Cat#ab209484; RRID:AB_2894090 Anti-TFR1 Antibody Abcam Cat#ab84036; RRID:AB_1640421 Anti-p16INK4a Antibody Abcam Cat#ab189034; RRID:AB_2713948 Anti-p21 Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA5-42680; RRID:AB_2687564 Anti-Actin Antibody Abcam Cat#ab179467; RRID:AB_2223046 Anti-Spike Protein S1 Neutralizing Antibody Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A Anti-His Antibody Sigma SAB2702218; RRID:AB_3717312 Anti-Flag Antibody Sigma F3165; RRID:AB_259529 Anti-Myc Antibody Sigma A5963; RRID:AB_258265 Anti-TMO20 Antibody Proteintech Cat#11802-1-AP; RRID:AB_10859670 Bacterial and virus strains SARS-CoV-2 (HKU-001a, wildtype) Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong (GenBank accession number MT230904) N/A B.1.617.2/Delta Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong (GenBank accession number OM212471) N/A Omicron EG.5.1 Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong (GISAID: EPL_ISL_18461518) N/A SARS-CoV-2 D614G Spike Pseudovirus-Luciferase reporter Dr. Lin Zhu, Hong Kong Baptist University N/A SARS-CoV-2 D614G Spike Pseudovirus-GFP reporter Tsingke Biotechnology Co., Ltd. N/A Biological samples Human lung tissue Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Human tibial osteochondral explants Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Human articular cartilage explants Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Human plasma samples Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Hamster organs (lung, liver, kidney, spleen) This paper N/A Hamster leg tissue This paper N/A Chemicals, peptides, and recombinant proteins Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Sinobiological Cat#40589-V08B1 (Continued on next page) 20 Cell Reports 45, 117841, August 25, 2026 .. REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Endothelin-1 Sigma-Aldrich Cat#117399-94-7 Macitentan Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd N/A BQ123 MCE Cat#HY-12378 BQ788 MCE Cat#HY-15894A FGF-2, Human MCE CatHY-P7004 FGF-1, Human MCE Cat#HY-P7001 TGF-β1, Human MCE Cat#HY-P7118 IL-1β, Human MCE Cat#HY-P7028 ITS-Premix Gibco Cat#41400045 L-proline MCE Cat#HY-Y0252 L-ascorbic acid-2-phosphate MCE Cat#HY-103701 Dexamethasone MCE Cat#HY-14648 Sodium pyruvate Gibco Cat#11360070 Triiodothyronine (T3) MCE Cat#HY-A0070A Penicillin-Streptomycin (P/S) Gibco Cat#15140122 Amphotericin B Gibco Cat#15290018 Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) Dieckmann Cat#E112487 DMSO MCE Cat#HY-Y0320 Xylazine AlfaMeedic Ltd. N/A Ketamine AlfaMeedic Ltd. N/A SARS-CoV-2 S2 protein containing a C-terminal 8×His tag Sangon Biotech Cat#D625027 ETBR protein containing C-terminal Flag and Myc tags OriGene Technologies Cat#TP304899 CoCl2 MCE Cat#HY-W019980D Critical commercial assays 3,3′-Diaminobenzidine (DAB) Vector Lab Cat#SK-4100 H&E Stain Kit Abcam Cat#ab245880 Prussian Blue Stain Kit Abcam Cat#ab150674 Masson’s Trichrome Stain Kit Abcam Cat#ab150686 TRAP Stain Kit Amizona Scientific Cat#AMK1002-010 Annexin V-FITC/PI Apoptosis Detection Kit MCE Cat#HY-K1073 Caspase-3/7 Activity Assay Kit Promega Cat#G8091 Luciferase Assay System Promega Cat#E1501 E.Z.N.A.® Total RNA Kit Omega Cat#R1034-00 PrimeScript RT Master Mix (Perfect Real Time) Kit TaKaRa Cat#RR036B One-Step TB Green RT-PCR Kit TaKaRa Cat#RR086A RNeasy Mini Kit Qiagen Cat#74104 E.Z.N.A.® Endo-Free Plasmid DNA Midi Kit Omega Cat#D6915-04 Lenti-X Lentiviral Packaging System TaKaRa Cat#632673 Lipofectamine RNAiMAX Transfection Reagent Invitrogen Cat#13778075 LipofectamineTM 3000 Transfection Reagent Invitrogen Cat#L3000001 Plasmids amplified kit TaKaRa Cat#9057 Human Endothelin 1 ELISA Kit ABclonal Cat#RK09252 Cell Counting Kit-8 Biosharp Cat#BS350B (Continued on next page) Cell Reports 45, 117841, August 25, 2026 21 .. REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Deposited data RNA-Seq dataset Gene Expression Omnibus GSE267009 Single-nuclei RNA-Seq dataset Gene Expression Omnibus GSE171524 Endothelin type B receptor Protein Structure Database PDB ID: 6IGL SARS-CoV-2 spike S2 fragment Prof. Xioadi Tang, SiChuan University residues 805–1020 Experimental models: Cell lines ATDC5 cells Prof. Limin Rong, Sun Yat-Sen University N/A C28/I2 cells Prof. Danny Chan, The University of Hong Kong N/A A549 cells Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A A549-hACE2 cells Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A HUVEC cells Prof. Mo Yang, he Hong Kong Polytechnic University N/A MG-63 cells Dr. Poon Chui-wa, Christina, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University N/A Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) Oricell N/A Primary human chondrocytes Isolated from osteoarthritic cartilage, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Experimental models: Organisms/strains Golden Syrian hamsters Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A Oligonucleotides siRNA targeting EDNRA (SilencerTM Select Pre-Designed) Invitrogen s4465 siRNA targeting EDNRB (SilencerTM Select Pre-Designed) Invitrogen s4468 siRNA targeting EDN1 (Sense: 5′-CGAGCACGUUGU UCCGUAU(dT)(dT)-3’; Antisense: 5′-AUACGGAACAACGUGCUCG (dT)(dT)-3′ Tsingke N/A siRNA Negative Contral Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: β-actin Forward (5′-CACCATTGGCAATGAGCGGTTC3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: β-actin Reverse (5′-AGGTCTTTGCGGATGTCCACGT-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: RdRp Forward (5′-CGCATACAGTCTTRCAGGCT-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: RdRp Reverse (5′-GTGTGATGTTGAWATGACATGGTC-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: GAPDH Forward (5′-AGGGCTGCTTTTAACTCTGGTAAA-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: GAPDH Reverse (5′-GAATTTGCCATGGGTGGAAT-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: TFRC Forward (5′-ATCGGTTGGTGCCACTGAATGG-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: TFRC Reverse (5′-ACAACAGTGGGCTGGCAGAAAC-3′) Tsingke N/A (Continued on next page) 22 Cell Reports 45, 117841, August 25, 2026

    Plasmid Preparation:

    Article Title: Lung epithelial endothelin-1 drives iron dysregulation and skeletal injury after SARS-CoV-2 infection.
    Article Snippet: REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Antibodies Anti-DDDDK (Flag) Tag Antibody Abcam Cat#ab1162; RRID:AB_2223202 Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein RBD Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA5-36247; RRID:AB_2890589 Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA17404; RRID:AB_1018422 Anti-endothelin-1 (ET-1) Antibody Abcam Cat#ab117757; RRID:AB_10890133 Anti-ETAR Antibody Abcam Cat#ab117521; RRID:AB_10890131 Anti-ETBR Antibody Abcam Cat#ab117529; RRID:AB_1090207 Anti-vWF Antibody Abcam Cat#ab6994; RRID:AB_305602 Anti-4HNE Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA527570; RRID:AB_2737298 Anti-Caspase 3 Antibody Invitrogen Cat#43-7800; RRID:AB_2533540 Anti-SP7 Antibody Abcam Cat#ab209484; RRID:AB_2894090 Anti-TFR1 Antibody Abcam Cat#ab84036; RRID:AB_1640421 Anti-p16INK4a Antibody Abcam Cat#ab189034; RRID:AB_2713948 Anti-p21 Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA5-42680; RRID:AB_2687564 Anti-Actin Antibody Abcam Cat#ab179467; RRID:AB_2223046 Anti-Spike Protein S1 Neutralizing Antibody Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A Anti-His Antibody Sigma SAB2702218; RRID:AB_3717312 Anti-Flag Antibody Sigma F3165; RRID:AB_259529 Anti-Myc Antibody Sigma A5963; RRID:AB_258265 Anti-TMO20 Antibody Proteintech Cat#11802-1-AP; RRID:AB_10859670 Bacterial and virus strains SARS-CoV-2 (HKU-001a, wildtype) Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong (GenBank accession number MT230904) N/A B.1.617.2/Delta Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong (GenBank accession number OM212471) N/A Omicron EG.5.1 Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong (GISAID: EPL_ISL_18461518) N/A SARS-CoV-2 D614G Spike Pseudovirus-Luciferase reporter Dr. Lin Zhu, Hong Kong Baptist University N/A SARS-CoV-2 D614G Spike Pseudovirus-GFP reporter Tsingke Biotechnology Co., Ltd. N/A Biological samples Human lung tissue Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Human tibial osteochondral explants Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Human articular cartilage explants Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Human plasma samples Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Hamster organs (lung, liver, kidney, spleen) This paper N/A Hamster leg tissue This paper N/A Chemicals, peptides, and recombinant proteins Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Sinobiological Cat#40589-V08B1 (Continued on next page) 20 Cell Reports 45, 117841, August 25, 2026 .. REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Endothelin-1 Sigma-Aldrich Cat#117399-94-7 Macitentan Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd N/A BQ123 MCE Cat#HY-12378 BQ788 MCE Cat#HY-15894A FGF-2, Human MCE CatHY-P7004 FGF-1, Human MCE Cat#HY-P7001 TGF-β1, Human MCE Cat#HY-P7118 IL-1β, Human MCE Cat#HY-P7028 ITS-Premix Gibco Cat#41400045 L-proline MCE Cat#HY-Y0252 L-ascorbic acid-2-phosphate MCE Cat#HY-103701 Dexamethasone MCE Cat#HY-14648 Sodium pyruvate Gibco Cat#11360070 Triiodothyronine (T3) MCE Cat#HY-A0070A Penicillin-Streptomycin (P/S) Gibco Cat#15140122 Amphotericin B Gibco Cat#15290018 Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) Dieckmann Cat#E112487 DMSO MCE Cat#HY-Y0320 Xylazine AlfaMeedic Ltd. N/A Ketamine AlfaMeedic Ltd. N/A SARS-CoV-2 S2 protein containing a C-terminal 8×His tag Sangon Biotech Cat#D625027 ETBR protein containing C-terminal Flag and Myc tags OriGene Technologies Cat#TP304899 CoCl2 MCE Cat#HY-W019980D Critical commercial assays 3,3′-Diaminobenzidine (DAB) Vector Lab Cat#SK-4100 H&E Stain Kit Abcam Cat#ab245880 Prussian Blue Stain Kit Abcam Cat#ab150674 Masson’s Trichrome Stain Kit Abcam Cat#ab150686 TRAP Stain Kit Amizona Scientific Cat#AMK1002-010 Annexin V-FITC/PI Apoptosis Detection Kit MCE Cat#HY-K1073 Caspase-3/7 Activity Assay Kit Promega Cat#G8091 Luciferase Assay System Promega Cat#E1501 E.Z.N.A.® Total RNA Kit Omega Cat#R1034-00 PrimeScript RT Master Mix (Perfect Real Time) Kit TaKaRa Cat#RR036B One-Step TB Green RT-PCR Kit TaKaRa Cat#RR086A RNeasy Mini Kit Qiagen Cat#74104 E.Z.N.A.® Endo-Free Plasmid DNA Midi Kit Omega Cat#D6915-04 Lenti-X Lentiviral Packaging System TaKaRa Cat#632673 Lipofectamine RNAiMAX Transfection Reagent Invitrogen Cat#13778075 LipofectamineTM 3000 Transfection Reagent Invitrogen Cat#L3000001 Plasmids amplified kit TaKaRa Cat#9057 Human Endothelin 1 ELISA Kit ABclonal Cat#RK09252 Cell Counting Kit-8 Biosharp Cat#BS350B (Continued on next page) Cell Reports 45, 117841, August 25, 2026 21 .. REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Deposited data RNA-Seq dataset Gene Expression Omnibus GSE267009 Single-nuclei RNA-Seq dataset Gene Expression Omnibus GSE171524 Endothelin type B receptor Protein Structure Database PDB ID: 6IGL SARS-CoV-2 spike S2 fragment Prof. Xioadi Tang, SiChuan University residues 805–1020 Experimental models: Cell lines ATDC5 cells Prof. Limin Rong, Sun Yat-Sen University N/A C28/I2 cells Prof. Danny Chan, The University of Hong Kong N/A A549 cells Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A A549-hACE2 cells Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A HUVEC cells Prof. Mo Yang, he Hong Kong Polytechnic University N/A MG-63 cells Dr. Poon Chui-wa, Christina, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University N/A Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) Oricell N/A Primary human chondrocytes Isolated from osteoarthritic cartilage, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Experimental models: Organisms/strains Golden Syrian hamsters Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A Oligonucleotides siRNA targeting EDNRA (SilencerTM Select Pre-Designed) Invitrogen s4465 siRNA targeting EDNRB (SilencerTM Select Pre-Designed) Invitrogen s4468 siRNA targeting EDN1 (Sense: 5′-CGAGCACGUUGU UCCGUAU(dT)(dT)-3’; Antisense: 5′-AUACGGAACAACGUGCUCG (dT)(dT)-3′ Tsingke N/A siRNA Negative Contral Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: β-actin Forward (5′-CACCATTGGCAATGAGCGGTTC3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: β-actin Reverse (5′-AGGTCTTTGCGGATGTCCACGT-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: RdRp Forward (5′-CGCATACAGTCTTRCAGGCT-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: RdRp Reverse (5′-GTGTGATGTTGAWATGACATGGTC-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: GAPDH Forward (5′-AGGGCTGCTTTTAACTCTGGTAAA-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: GAPDH Reverse (5′-GAATTTGCCATGGGTGGAAT-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: TFRC Forward (5′-ATCGGTTGGTGCCACTGAATGG-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: TFRC Reverse (5′-ACAACAGTGGGCTGGCAGAAAC-3′) Tsingke N/A (Continued on next page) 22 Cell Reports 45, 117841, August 25, 2026

    Transfection:

    Article Title: Lung epithelial endothelin-1 drives iron dysregulation and skeletal injury after SARS-CoV-2 infection.
    Article Snippet: REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Antibodies Anti-DDDDK (Flag) Tag Antibody Abcam Cat#ab1162; RRID:AB_2223202 Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein RBD Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA5-36247; RRID:AB_2890589 Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA17404; RRID:AB_1018422 Anti-endothelin-1 (ET-1) Antibody Abcam Cat#ab117757; RRID:AB_10890133 Anti-ETAR Antibody Abcam Cat#ab117521; RRID:AB_10890131 Anti-ETBR Antibody Abcam Cat#ab117529; RRID:AB_1090207 Anti-vWF Antibody Abcam Cat#ab6994; RRID:AB_305602 Anti-4HNE Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA527570; RRID:AB_2737298 Anti-Caspase 3 Antibody Invitrogen Cat#43-7800; RRID:AB_2533540 Anti-SP7 Antibody Abcam Cat#ab209484; RRID:AB_2894090 Anti-TFR1 Antibody Abcam Cat#ab84036; RRID:AB_1640421 Anti-p16INK4a Antibody Abcam Cat#ab189034; RRID:AB_2713948 Anti-p21 Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA5-42680; RRID:AB_2687564 Anti-Actin Antibody Abcam Cat#ab179467; RRID:AB_2223046 Anti-Spike Protein S1 Neutralizing Antibody Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A Anti-His Antibody Sigma SAB2702218; RRID:AB_3717312 Anti-Flag Antibody Sigma F3165; RRID:AB_259529 Anti-Myc Antibody Sigma A5963; RRID:AB_258265 Anti-TMO20 Antibody Proteintech Cat#11802-1-AP; RRID:AB_10859670 Bacterial and virus strains SARS-CoV-2 (HKU-001a, wildtype) Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong (GenBank accession number MT230904) N/A B.1.617.2/Delta Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong (GenBank accession number OM212471) N/A Omicron EG.5.1 Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong (GISAID: EPL_ISL_18461518) N/A SARS-CoV-2 D614G Spike Pseudovirus-Luciferase reporter Dr. Lin Zhu, Hong Kong Baptist University N/A SARS-CoV-2 D614G Spike Pseudovirus-GFP reporter Tsingke Biotechnology Co., Ltd. N/A Biological samples Human lung tissue Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Human tibial osteochondral explants Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Human articular cartilage explants Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Human plasma samples Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Hamster organs (lung, liver, kidney, spleen) This paper N/A Hamster leg tissue This paper N/A Chemicals, peptides, and recombinant proteins Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Sinobiological Cat#40589-V08B1 (Continued on next page) 20 Cell Reports 45, 117841, August 25, 2026 .. REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Endothelin-1 Sigma-Aldrich Cat#117399-94-7 Macitentan Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd N/A BQ123 MCE Cat#HY-12378 BQ788 MCE Cat#HY-15894A FGF-2, Human MCE CatHY-P7004 FGF-1, Human MCE Cat#HY-P7001 TGF-β1, Human MCE Cat#HY-P7118 IL-1β, Human MCE Cat#HY-P7028 ITS-Premix Gibco Cat#41400045 L-proline MCE Cat#HY-Y0252 L-ascorbic acid-2-phosphate MCE Cat#HY-103701 Dexamethasone MCE Cat#HY-14648 Sodium pyruvate Gibco Cat#11360070 Triiodothyronine (T3) MCE Cat#HY-A0070A Penicillin-Streptomycin (P/S) Gibco Cat#15140122 Amphotericin B Gibco Cat#15290018 Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) Dieckmann Cat#E112487 DMSO MCE Cat#HY-Y0320 Xylazine AlfaMeedic Ltd. N/A Ketamine AlfaMeedic Ltd. N/A SARS-CoV-2 S2 protein containing a C-terminal 8×His tag Sangon Biotech Cat#D625027 ETBR protein containing C-terminal Flag and Myc tags OriGene Technologies Cat#TP304899 CoCl2 MCE Cat#HY-W019980D Critical commercial assays 3,3′-Diaminobenzidine (DAB) Vector Lab Cat#SK-4100 H&E Stain Kit Abcam Cat#ab245880 Prussian Blue Stain Kit Abcam Cat#ab150674 Masson’s Trichrome Stain Kit Abcam Cat#ab150686 TRAP Stain Kit Amizona Scientific Cat#AMK1002-010 Annexin V-FITC/PI Apoptosis Detection Kit MCE Cat#HY-K1073 Caspase-3/7 Activity Assay Kit Promega Cat#G8091 Luciferase Assay System Promega Cat#E1501 E.Z.N.A.® Total RNA Kit Omega Cat#R1034-00 PrimeScript RT Master Mix (Perfect Real Time) Kit TaKaRa Cat#RR036B One-Step TB Green RT-PCR Kit TaKaRa Cat#RR086A RNeasy Mini Kit Qiagen Cat#74104 E.Z.N.A.® Endo-Free Plasmid DNA Midi Kit Omega Cat#D6915-04 Lenti-X Lentiviral Packaging System TaKaRa Cat#632673 Lipofectamine RNAiMAX Transfection Reagent Invitrogen Cat#13778075 LipofectamineTM 3000 Transfection Reagent Invitrogen Cat#L3000001 Plasmids amplified kit TaKaRa Cat#9057 Human Endothelin 1 ELISA Kit ABclonal Cat#RK09252 Cell Counting Kit-8 Biosharp Cat#BS350B (Continued on next page) Cell Reports 45, 117841, August 25, 2026 21 .. REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Deposited data RNA-Seq dataset Gene Expression Omnibus GSE267009 Single-nuclei RNA-Seq dataset Gene Expression Omnibus GSE171524 Endothelin type B receptor Protein Structure Database PDB ID: 6IGL SARS-CoV-2 spike S2 fragment Prof. Xioadi Tang, SiChuan University residues 805–1020 Experimental models: Cell lines ATDC5 cells Prof. Limin Rong, Sun Yat-Sen University N/A C28/I2 cells Prof. Danny Chan, The University of Hong Kong N/A A549 cells Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A A549-hACE2 cells Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A HUVEC cells Prof. Mo Yang, he Hong Kong Polytechnic University N/A MG-63 cells Dr. Poon Chui-wa, Christina, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University N/A Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) Oricell N/A Primary human chondrocytes Isolated from osteoarthritic cartilage, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Experimental models: Organisms/strains Golden Syrian hamsters Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A Oligonucleotides siRNA targeting EDNRA (SilencerTM Select Pre-Designed) Invitrogen s4465 siRNA targeting EDNRB (SilencerTM Select Pre-Designed) Invitrogen s4468 siRNA targeting EDN1 (Sense: 5′-CGAGCACGUUGU UCCGUAU(dT)(dT)-3’; Antisense: 5′-AUACGGAACAACGUGCUCG (dT)(dT)-3′ Tsingke N/A siRNA Negative Contral Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: β-actin Forward (5′-CACCATTGGCAATGAGCGGTTC3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: β-actin Reverse (5′-AGGTCTTTGCGGATGTCCACGT-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: RdRp Forward (5′-CGCATACAGTCTTRCAGGCT-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: RdRp Reverse (5′-GTGTGATGTTGAWATGACATGGTC-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: GAPDH Forward (5′-AGGGCTGCTTTTAACTCTGGTAAA-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: GAPDH Reverse (5′-GAATTTGCCATGGGTGGAAT-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: TFRC Forward (5′-ATCGGTTGGTGCCACTGAATGG-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: TFRC Reverse (5′-ACAACAGTGGGCTGGCAGAAAC-3′) Tsingke N/A (Continued on next page) 22 Cell Reports 45, 117841, August 25, 2026

    Amplification:

    Article Title: Lung epithelial endothelin-1 drives iron dysregulation and skeletal injury after SARS-CoV-2 infection.
    Article Snippet: REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Antibodies Anti-DDDDK (Flag) Tag Antibody Abcam Cat#ab1162; RRID:AB_2223202 Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein RBD Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA5-36247; RRID:AB_2890589 Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA17404; RRID:AB_1018422 Anti-endothelin-1 (ET-1) Antibody Abcam Cat#ab117757; RRID:AB_10890133 Anti-ETAR Antibody Abcam Cat#ab117521; RRID:AB_10890131 Anti-ETBR Antibody Abcam Cat#ab117529; RRID:AB_1090207 Anti-vWF Antibody Abcam Cat#ab6994; RRID:AB_305602 Anti-4HNE Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA527570; RRID:AB_2737298 Anti-Caspase 3 Antibody Invitrogen Cat#43-7800; RRID:AB_2533540 Anti-SP7 Antibody Abcam Cat#ab209484; RRID:AB_2894090 Anti-TFR1 Antibody Abcam Cat#ab84036; RRID:AB_1640421 Anti-p16INK4a Antibody Abcam Cat#ab189034; RRID:AB_2713948 Anti-p21 Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA5-42680; RRID:AB_2687564 Anti-Actin Antibody Abcam Cat#ab179467; RRID:AB_2223046 Anti-Spike Protein S1 Neutralizing Antibody Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A Anti-His Antibody Sigma SAB2702218; RRID:AB_3717312 Anti-Flag Antibody Sigma F3165; RRID:AB_259529 Anti-Myc Antibody Sigma A5963; RRID:AB_258265 Anti-TMO20 Antibody Proteintech Cat#11802-1-AP; RRID:AB_10859670 Bacterial and virus strains SARS-CoV-2 (HKU-001a, wildtype) Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong (GenBank accession number MT230904) N/A B.1.617.2/Delta Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong (GenBank accession number OM212471) N/A Omicron EG.5.1 Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong (GISAID: EPL_ISL_18461518) N/A SARS-CoV-2 D614G Spike Pseudovirus-Luciferase reporter Dr. Lin Zhu, Hong Kong Baptist University N/A SARS-CoV-2 D614G Spike Pseudovirus-GFP reporter Tsingke Biotechnology Co., Ltd. N/A Biological samples Human lung tissue Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Human tibial osteochondral explants Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Human articular cartilage explants Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Human plasma samples Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Hamster organs (lung, liver, kidney, spleen) This paper N/A Hamster leg tissue This paper N/A Chemicals, peptides, and recombinant proteins Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Sinobiological Cat#40589-V08B1 (Continued on next page) 20 Cell Reports 45, 117841, August 25, 2026 .. REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Endothelin-1 Sigma-Aldrich Cat#117399-94-7 Macitentan Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd N/A BQ123 MCE Cat#HY-12378 BQ788 MCE Cat#HY-15894A FGF-2, Human MCE CatHY-P7004 FGF-1, Human MCE Cat#HY-P7001 TGF-β1, Human MCE Cat#HY-P7118 IL-1β, Human MCE Cat#HY-P7028 ITS-Premix Gibco Cat#41400045 L-proline MCE Cat#HY-Y0252 L-ascorbic acid-2-phosphate MCE Cat#HY-103701 Dexamethasone MCE Cat#HY-14648 Sodium pyruvate Gibco Cat#11360070 Triiodothyronine (T3) MCE Cat#HY-A0070A Penicillin-Streptomycin (P/S) Gibco Cat#15140122 Amphotericin B Gibco Cat#15290018 Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) Dieckmann Cat#E112487 DMSO MCE Cat#HY-Y0320 Xylazine AlfaMeedic Ltd. N/A Ketamine AlfaMeedic Ltd. N/A SARS-CoV-2 S2 protein containing a C-terminal 8×His tag Sangon Biotech Cat#D625027 ETBR protein containing C-terminal Flag and Myc tags OriGene Technologies Cat#TP304899 CoCl2 MCE Cat#HY-W019980D Critical commercial assays 3,3′-Diaminobenzidine (DAB) Vector Lab Cat#SK-4100 H&E Stain Kit Abcam Cat#ab245880 Prussian Blue Stain Kit Abcam Cat#ab150674 Masson’s Trichrome Stain Kit Abcam Cat#ab150686 TRAP Stain Kit Amizona Scientific Cat#AMK1002-010 Annexin V-FITC/PI Apoptosis Detection Kit MCE Cat#HY-K1073 Caspase-3/7 Activity Assay Kit Promega Cat#G8091 Luciferase Assay System Promega Cat#E1501 E.Z.N.A.® Total RNA Kit Omega Cat#R1034-00 PrimeScript RT Master Mix (Perfect Real Time) Kit TaKaRa Cat#RR036B One-Step TB Green RT-PCR Kit TaKaRa Cat#RR086A RNeasy Mini Kit Qiagen Cat#74104 E.Z.N.A.® Endo-Free Plasmid DNA Midi Kit Omega Cat#D6915-04 Lenti-X Lentiviral Packaging System TaKaRa Cat#632673 Lipofectamine RNAiMAX Transfection Reagent Invitrogen Cat#13778075 LipofectamineTM 3000 Transfection Reagent Invitrogen Cat#L3000001 Plasmids amplified kit TaKaRa Cat#9057 Human Endothelin 1 ELISA Kit ABclonal Cat#RK09252 Cell Counting Kit-8 Biosharp Cat#BS350B (Continued on next page) Cell Reports 45, 117841, August 25, 2026 21 .. REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Deposited data RNA-Seq dataset Gene Expression Omnibus GSE267009 Single-nuclei RNA-Seq dataset Gene Expression Omnibus GSE171524 Endothelin type B receptor Protein Structure Database PDB ID: 6IGL SARS-CoV-2 spike S2 fragment Prof. Xioadi Tang, SiChuan University residues 805–1020 Experimental models: Cell lines ATDC5 cells Prof. Limin Rong, Sun Yat-Sen University N/A C28/I2 cells Prof. Danny Chan, The University of Hong Kong N/A A549 cells Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A A549-hACE2 cells Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A HUVEC cells Prof. Mo Yang, he Hong Kong Polytechnic University N/A MG-63 cells Dr. Poon Chui-wa, Christina, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University N/A Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) Oricell N/A Primary human chondrocytes Isolated from osteoarthritic cartilage, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Experimental models: Organisms/strains Golden Syrian hamsters Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A Oligonucleotides siRNA targeting EDNRA (SilencerTM Select Pre-Designed) Invitrogen s4465 siRNA targeting EDNRB (SilencerTM Select Pre-Designed) Invitrogen s4468 siRNA targeting EDN1 (Sense: 5′-CGAGCACGUUGU UCCGUAU(dT)(dT)-3’; Antisense: 5′-AUACGGAACAACGUGCUCG (dT)(dT)-3′ Tsingke N/A siRNA Negative Contral Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: β-actin Forward (5′-CACCATTGGCAATGAGCGGTTC3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: β-actin Reverse (5′-AGGTCTTTGCGGATGTCCACGT-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: RdRp Forward (5′-CGCATACAGTCTTRCAGGCT-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: RdRp Reverse (5′-GTGTGATGTTGAWATGACATGGTC-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: GAPDH Forward (5′-AGGGCTGCTTTTAACTCTGGTAAA-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: GAPDH Reverse (5′-GAATTTGCCATGGGTGGAAT-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: TFRC Forward (5′-ATCGGTTGGTGCCACTGAATGG-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: TFRC Reverse (5′-ACAACAGTGGGCTGGCAGAAAC-3′) Tsingke N/A (Continued on next page) 22 Cell Reports 45, 117841, August 25, 2026

    Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay:

    Article Title: Lung epithelial endothelin-1 drives iron dysregulation and skeletal injury after SARS-CoV-2 infection.
    Article Snippet: REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Antibodies Anti-DDDDK (Flag) Tag Antibody Abcam Cat#ab1162; RRID:AB_2223202 Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein RBD Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA5-36247; RRID:AB_2890589 Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA17404; RRID:AB_1018422 Anti-endothelin-1 (ET-1) Antibody Abcam Cat#ab117757; RRID:AB_10890133 Anti-ETAR Antibody Abcam Cat#ab117521; RRID:AB_10890131 Anti-ETBR Antibody Abcam Cat#ab117529; RRID:AB_1090207 Anti-vWF Antibody Abcam Cat#ab6994; RRID:AB_305602 Anti-4HNE Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA527570; RRID:AB_2737298 Anti-Caspase 3 Antibody Invitrogen Cat#43-7800; RRID:AB_2533540 Anti-SP7 Antibody Abcam Cat#ab209484; RRID:AB_2894090 Anti-TFR1 Antibody Abcam Cat#ab84036; RRID:AB_1640421 Anti-p16INK4a Antibody Abcam Cat#ab189034; RRID:AB_2713948 Anti-p21 Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA5-42680; RRID:AB_2687564 Anti-Actin Antibody Abcam Cat#ab179467; RRID:AB_2223046 Anti-Spike Protein S1 Neutralizing Antibody Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A Anti-His Antibody Sigma SAB2702218; RRID:AB_3717312 Anti-Flag Antibody Sigma F3165; RRID:AB_259529 Anti-Myc Antibody Sigma A5963; RRID:AB_258265 Anti-TMO20 Antibody Proteintech Cat#11802-1-AP; RRID:AB_10859670 Bacterial and virus strains SARS-CoV-2 (HKU-001a, wildtype) Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong (GenBank accession number MT230904) N/A B.1.617.2/Delta Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong (GenBank accession number OM212471) N/A Omicron EG.5.1 Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong (GISAID: EPL_ISL_18461518) N/A SARS-CoV-2 D614G Spike Pseudovirus-Luciferase reporter Dr. Lin Zhu, Hong Kong Baptist University N/A SARS-CoV-2 D614G Spike Pseudovirus-GFP reporter Tsingke Biotechnology Co., Ltd. N/A Biological samples Human lung tissue Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Human tibial osteochondral explants Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Human articular cartilage explants Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Human plasma samples Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Hamster organs (lung, liver, kidney, spleen) This paper N/A Hamster leg tissue This paper N/A Chemicals, peptides, and recombinant proteins Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Sinobiological Cat#40589-V08B1 (Continued on next page) 20 Cell Reports 45, 117841, August 25, 2026 .. REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Endothelin-1 Sigma-Aldrich Cat#117399-94-7 Macitentan Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd N/A BQ123 MCE Cat#HY-12378 BQ788 MCE Cat#HY-15894A FGF-2, Human MCE CatHY-P7004 FGF-1, Human MCE Cat#HY-P7001 TGF-β1, Human MCE Cat#HY-P7118 IL-1β, Human MCE Cat#HY-P7028 ITS-Premix Gibco Cat#41400045 L-proline MCE Cat#HY-Y0252 L-ascorbic acid-2-phosphate MCE Cat#HY-103701 Dexamethasone MCE Cat#HY-14648 Sodium pyruvate Gibco Cat#11360070 Triiodothyronine (T3) MCE Cat#HY-A0070A Penicillin-Streptomycin (P/S) Gibco Cat#15140122 Amphotericin B Gibco Cat#15290018 Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) Dieckmann Cat#E112487 DMSO MCE Cat#HY-Y0320 Xylazine AlfaMeedic Ltd. N/A Ketamine AlfaMeedic Ltd. N/A SARS-CoV-2 S2 protein containing a C-terminal 8×His tag Sangon Biotech Cat#D625027 ETBR protein containing C-terminal Flag and Myc tags OriGene Technologies Cat#TP304899 CoCl2 MCE Cat#HY-W019980D Critical commercial assays 3,3′-Diaminobenzidine (DAB) Vector Lab Cat#SK-4100 H&E Stain Kit Abcam Cat#ab245880 Prussian Blue Stain Kit Abcam Cat#ab150674 Masson’s Trichrome Stain Kit Abcam Cat#ab150686 TRAP Stain Kit Amizona Scientific Cat#AMK1002-010 Annexin V-FITC/PI Apoptosis Detection Kit MCE Cat#HY-K1073 Caspase-3/7 Activity Assay Kit Promega Cat#G8091 Luciferase Assay System Promega Cat#E1501 E.Z.N.A.® Total RNA Kit Omega Cat#R1034-00 PrimeScript RT Master Mix (Perfect Real Time) Kit TaKaRa Cat#RR036B One-Step TB Green RT-PCR Kit TaKaRa Cat#RR086A RNeasy Mini Kit Qiagen Cat#74104 E.Z.N.A.® Endo-Free Plasmid DNA Midi Kit Omega Cat#D6915-04 Lenti-X Lentiviral Packaging System TaKaRa Cat#632673 Lipofectamine RNAiMAX Transfection Reagent Invitrogen Cat#13778075 LipofectamineTM 3000 Transfection Reagent Invitrogen Cat#L3000001 Plasmids amplified kit TaKaRa Cat#9057 Human Endothelin 1 ELISA Kit ABclonal Cat#RK09252 Cell Counting Kit-8 Biosharp Cat#BS350B (Continued on next page) Cell Reports 45, 117841, August 25, 2026 21 .. REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Deposited data RNA-Seq dataset Gene Expression Omnibus GSE267009 Single-nuclei RNA-Seq dataset Gene Expression Omnibus GSE171524 Endothelin type B receptor Protein Structure Database PDB ID: 6IGL SARS-CoV-2 spike S2 fragment Prof. Xioadi Tang, SiChuan University residues 805–1020 Experimental models: Cell lines ATDC5 cells Prof. Limin Rong, Sun Yat-Sen University N/A C28/I2 cells Prof. Danny Chan, The University of Hong Kong N/A A549 cells Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A A549-hACE2 cells Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A HUVEC cells Prof. Mo Yang, he Hong Kong Polytechnic University N/A MG-63 cells Dr. Poon Chui-wa, Christina, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University N/A Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) Oricell N/A Primary human chondrocytes Isolated from osteoarthritic cartilage, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Experimental models: Organisms/strains Golden Syrian hamsters Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A Oligonucleotides siRNA targeting EDNRA (SilencerTM Select Pre-Designed) Invitrogen s4465 siRNA targeting EDNRB (SilencerTM Select Pre-Designed) Invitrogen s4468 siRNA targeting EDN1 (Sense: 5′-CGAGCACGUUGU UCCGUAU(dT)(dT)-3’; Antisense: 5′-AUACGGAACAACGUGCUCG (dT)(dT)-3′ Tsingke N/A siRNA Negative Contral Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: β-actin Forward (5′-CACCATTGGCAATGAGCGGTTC3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: β-actin Reverse (5′-AGGTCTTTGCGGATGTCCACGT-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: RdRp Forward (5′-CGCATACAGTCTTRCAGGCT-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: RdRp Reverse (5′-GTGTGATGTTGAWATGACATGGTC-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: GAPDH Forward (5′-AGGGCTGCTTTTAACTCTGGTAAA-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: GAPDH Reverse (5′-GAATTTGCCATGGGTGGAAT-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: TFRC Forward (5′-ATCGGTTGGTGCCACTGAATGG-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: TFRC Reverse (5′-ACAACAGTGGGCTGGCAGAAAC-3′) Tsingke N/A (Continued on next page) 22 Cell Reports 45, 117841, August 25, 2026

    CCK-8 Assay:

    Article Title: Lung epithelial endothelin-1 drives iron dysregulation and skeletal injury after SARS-CoV-2 infection.
    Article Snippet: REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Antibodies Anti-DDDDK (Flag) Tag Antibody Abcam Cat#ab1162; RRID:AB_2223202 Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein RBD Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA5-36247; RRID:AB_2890589 Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA17404; RRID:AB_1018422 Anti-endothelin-1 (ET-1) Antibody Abcam Cat#ab117757; RRID:AB_10890133 Anti-ETAR Antibody Abcam Cat#ab117521; RRID:AB_10890131 Anti-ETBR Antibody Abcam Cat#ab117529; RRID:AB_1090207 Anti-vWF Antibody Abcam Cat#ab6994; RRID:AB_305602 Anti-4HNE Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA527570; RRID:AB_2737298 Anti-Caspase 3 Antibody Invitrogen Cat#43-7800; RRID:AB_2533540 Anti-SP7 Antibody Abcam Cat#ab209484; RRID:AB_2894090 Anti-TFR1 Antibody Abcam Cat#ab84036; RRID:AB_1640421 Anti-p16INK4a Antibody Abcam Cat#ab189034; RRID:AB_2713948 Anti-p21 Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA5-42680; RRID:AB_2687564 Anti-Actin Antibody Abcam Cat#ab179467; RRID:AB_2223046 Anti-Spike Protein S1 Neutralizing Antibody Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A Anti-His Antibody Sigma SAB2702218; RRID:AB_3717312 Anti-Flag Antibody Sigma F3165; RRID:AB_259529 Anti-Myc Antibody Sigma A5963; RRID:AB_258265 Anti-TMO20 Antibody Proteintech Cat#11802-1-AP; RRID:AB_10859670 Bacterial and virus strains SARS-CoV-2 (HKU-001a, wildtype) Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong (GenBank accession number MT230904) N/A B.1.617.2/Delta Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong (GenBank accession number OM212471) N/A Omicron EG.5.1 Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong (GISAID: EPL_ISL_18461518) N/A SARS-CoV-2 D614G Spike Pseudovirus-Luciferase reporter Dr. Lin Zhu, Hong Kong Baptist University N/A SARS-CoV-2 D614G Spike Pseudovirus-GFP reporter Tsingke Biotechnology Co., Ltd. N/A Biological samples Human lung tissue Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Human tibial osteochondral explants Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Human articular cartilage explants Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Human plasma samples Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Hamster organs (lung, liver, kidney, spleen) This paper N/A Hamster leg tissue This paper N/A Chemicals, peptides, and recombinant proteins Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Sinobiological Cat#40589-V08B1 (Continued on next page) 20 Cell Reports 45, 117841, August 25, 2026 .. REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Endothelin-1 Sigma-Aldrich Cat#117399-94-7 Macitentan Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd N/A BQ123 MCE Cat#HY-12378 BQ788 MCE Cat#HY-15894A FGF-2, Human MCE CatHY-P7004 FGF-1, Human MCE Cat#HY-P7001 TGF-β1, Human MCE Cat#HY-P7118 IL-1β, Human MCE Cat#HY-P7028 ITS-Premix Gibco Cat#41400045 L-proline MCE Cat#HY-Y0252 L-ascorbic acid-2-phosphate MCE Cat#HY-103701 Dexamethasone MCE Cat#HY-14648 Sodium pyruvate Gibco Cat#11360070 Triiodothyronine (T3) MCE Cat#HY-A0070A Penicillin-Streptomycin (P/S) Gibco Cat#15140122 Amphotericin B Gibco Cat#15290018 Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) Dieckmann Cat#E112487 DMSO MCE Cat#HY-Y0320 Xylazine AlfaMeedic Ltd. N/A Ketamine AlfaMeedic Ltd. N/A SARS-CoV-2 S2 protein containing a C-terminal 8×His tag Sangon Biotech Cat#D625027 ETBR protein containing C-terminal Flag and Myc tags OriGene Technologies Cat#TP304899 CoCl2 MCE Cat#HY-W019980D Critical commercial assays 3,3′-Diaminobenzidine (DAB) Vector Lab Cat#SK-4100 H&E Stain Kit Abcam Cat#ab245880 Prussian Blue Stain Kit Abcam Cat#ab150674 Masson’s Trichrome Stain Kit Abcam Cat#ab150686 TRAP Stain Kit Amizona Scientific Cat#AMK1002-010 Annexin V-FITC/PI Apoptosis Detection Kit MCE Cat#HY-K1073 Caspase-3/7 Activity Assay Kit Promega Cat#G8091 Luciferase Assay System Promega Cat#E1501 E.Z.N.A.® Total RNA Kit Omega Cat#R1034-00 PrimeScript RT Master Mix (Perfect Real Time) Kit TaKaRa Cat#RR036B One-Step TB Green RT-PCR Kit TaKaRa Cat#RR086A RNeasy Mini Kit Qiagen Cat#74104 E.Z.N.A.® Endo-Free Plasmid DNA Midi Kit Omega Cat#D6915-04 Lenti-X Lentiviral Packaging System TaKaRa Cat#632673 Lipofectamine RNAiMAX Transfection Reagent Invitrogen Cat#13778075 LipofectamineTM 3000 Transfection Reagent Invitrogen Cat#L3000001 Plasmids amplified kit TaKaRa Cat#9057 Human Endothelin 1 ELISA Kit ABclonal Cat#RK09252 Cell Counting Kit-8 Biosharp Cat#BS350B (Continued on next page) Cell Reports 45, 117841, August 25, 2026 21 .. REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Deposited data RNA-Seq dataset Gene Expression Omnibus GSE267009 Single-nuclei RNA-Seq dataset Gene Expression Omnibus GSE171524 Endothelin type B receptor Protein Structure Database PDB ID: 6IGL SARS-CoV-2 spike S2 fragment Prof. Xioadi Tang, SiChuan University residues 805–1020 Experimental models: Cell lines ATDC5 cells Prof. Limin Rong, Sun Yat-Sen University N/A C28/I2 cells Prof. Danny Chan, The University of Hong Kong N/A A549 cells Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A A549-hACE2 cells Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A HUVEC cells Prof. Mo Yang, he Hong Kong Polytechnic University N/A MG-63 cells Dr. Poon Chui-wa, Christina, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University N/A Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) Oricell N/A Primary human chondrocytes Isolated from osteoarthritic cartilage, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Experimental models: Organisms/strains Golden Syrian hamsters Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A Oligonucleotides siRNA targeting EDNRA (SilencerTM Select Pre-Designed) Invitrogen s4465 siRNA targeting EDNRB (SilencerTM Select Pre-Designed) Invitrogen s4468 siRNA targeting EDN1 (Sense: 5′-CGAGCACGUUGU UCCGUAU(dT)(dT)-3’; Antisense: 5′-AUACGGAACAACGUGCUCG (dT)(dT)-3′ Tsingke N/A siRNA Negative Contral Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: β-actin Forward (5′-CACCATTGGCAATGAGCGGTTC3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: β-actin Reverse (5′-AGGTCTTTGCGGATGTCCACGT-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: RdRp Forward (5′-CGCATACAGTCTTRCAGGCT-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: RdRp Reverse (5′-GTGTGATGTTGAWATGACATGGTC-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: GAPDH Forward (5′-AGGGCTGCTTTTAACTCTGGTAAA-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: GAPDH Reverse (5′-GAATTTGCCATGGGTGGAAT-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: TFRC Forward (5′-ATCGGTTGGTGCCACTGAATGG-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: TFRC Reverse (5′-ACAACAGTGGGCTGGCAGAAAC-3′) Tsingke N/A (Continued on next page) 22 Cell Reports 45, 117841, August 25, 2026



    Similar Products

    arf1 antibody / adp-ribosylation factor 1  (NSJ Bioreagents)
    99
    NSJ Bioreagents arf1 antibody / adp-ribosylation factor 1
    Arf1 Antibody / Adp Ribosylation Factor 1, supplied by NSJ Bioreagents, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 99/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/factor+1/ARF1+Antibody+%2F+ADP-ribosylation+factor+1/custom%40v7900%4010%2E1016%2Fj%2Egendis%2E2026%2E102080
    Average 99 stars, based on 1 article reviews
    arf1 antibody / adp-ribosylation factor 1 - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
    99/100 stars
    		  Buy from Supplier
    migration inhibitor factor mif antagonist iso 1  (MedChemExpress)
    95
    MedChemExpress migration inhibitor factor mif antagonist iso 1
    Analysis of ligands and receptors in senescent and receiving cells. (A) Schematic depicting BulkSignalR pipeline which uses known ligand‐receptor interactions and affected downstream pathways to analyze their activation based on our bulk RNAseq data from DMSO and BrdU treated human cell lines (created with BioRender). (B) Venn diagram showing the number of receptors inferred from BulkSignalR to be activated across each of the five human cell types. Three receptors were identified in common between astrocytes (purple), endothelial cells (pink), and microglia (yellow) which were the cell types shown (Figure ) to be capable of receiving senescence signals and becoming SA β‐gal positive: CXCR7, KREMEN2, and GIPR. Only CXCR7 was expressed in the cell types capable of entering secondary senescence (astrocytes, endothelial cells, microglia) (Figure , Figure ). (C) TPM expression values of CXCR7 , its ligand CXCL12 , and DPP4 which cleaves and inactivates CXCL12 in DMSO (gray) and BrdU (red) treated cell lines ( n = 3 replicates). (D) Schematic of the four selected SASP inhibitors mechanisms of action: Bindarit is a CCL2 synthesis inhibitor which prevents p65 activation of the CCL2 gene at the promoter <t>region,</t> <t>ISO‐1</t> is a MIF antagonist, ACT‐1004‐1239 is a CXCR7 antagonist, and Sitagliptin inhibits DPP4 preventing its action of cleaving and inactivating CXCL12 (created with BioRender). Data were analyzed by two‐way ANOVA with Tukey's multiple comparisons test (C). All graphs show mean with error bars depicting standard deviation (ns, p > 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001).
    Migration Inhibitor Factor Mif Antagonist Iso 1, supplied by MedChemExpress, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 95/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/factor+1/ISO-1/pmc13476760-307-2-8
    Average 95 stars, based on 1 article reviews
    migration inhibitor factor mif antagonist iso 1 - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
    95/100 stars
    		  Buy from Supplier
    recombinant human growth factor β1  (MedChemExpress)
    98
    MedChemExpress recombinant human growth factor β1
    Analysis of ligands and receptors in senescent and receiving cells. (A) Schematic depicting BulkSignalR pipeline which uses known ligand‐receptor interactions and affected downstream pathways to analyze their activation based on our bulk RNAseq data from DMSO and BrdU treated human cell lines (created with BioRender). (B) Venn diagram showing the number of receptors inferred from BulkSignalR to be activated across each of the five human cell types. Three receptors were identified in common between astrocytes (purple), endothelial cells (pink), and microglia (yellow) which were the cell types shown (Figure ) to be capable of receiving senescence signals and becoming SA β‐gal positive: CXCR7, KREMEN2, and GIPR. Only CXCR7 was expressed in the cell types capable of entering secondary senescence (astrocytes, endothelial cells, microglia) (Figure , Figure ). (C) TPM expression values of CXCR7 , its ligand CXCL12 , and DPP4 which cleaves and inactivates CXCL12 in DMSO (gray) and BrdU (red) treated cell lines ( n = 3 replicates). (D) Schematic of the four selected SASP inhibitors mechanisms of action: Bindarit is a CCL2 synthesis inhibitor which prevents p65 activation of the CCL2 gene at the promoter <t>region,</t> <t>ISO‐1</t> is a MIF antagonist, ACT‐1004‐1239 is a CXCR7 antagonist, and Sitagliptin inhibits DPP4 preventing its action of cleaving and inactivating CXCL12 (created with BioRender). Data were analyzed by two‐way ANOVA with Tukey's multiple comparisons test (C). All graphs show mean with error bars depicting standard deviation (ns, p > 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001).
    Recombinant Human Growth Factor β1, supplied by MedChemExpress, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 98/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/factor+1/TGF+beta+1%2FTGFB1%2C+Human/pm42574784-82-13-19
    Average 98 stars, based on 1 article reviews
    recombinant human growth factor β1 - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
    98/100 stars
    		  Buy from Supplier
    tgf β  (Elabscience Biotechnology)
    96
    Elabscience Biotechnology tgf β
    Temporal analysis of the BMSC paracrine profile on different scaffolds. (A) Confocal microscopy images from Live/Dead fluorescence staining of BMSCs encapsulated within the PCL/HAp-GelMA/BMSCs scaffold after 1, 3, 5, and 14 d of 3D culture (live cells, green; dead cells, red). (B) The concentrations of key paracrine factors <t>(TGF-β,</t> <t>PGE2,</t> VEGF, HGF, and BMP-2) from BMSCs cultured in different scaffolds, quantified from culture supernatants at day 3 and day 7. (C) Corresponding relative mRNA expression levels of TGFB1, PTGS2, VEGFA, HGF, and BMP-2 in BMSCs at day 3 and day 7, as determined by qPCR analysis. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3) *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001; ns: not significant.
    Tgf β, supplied by Elabscience Biotechnology, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 96/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/factor+1/TGF-%CE%B21+(Transforming+Growth+Factor+Beta+1)+ELISA+Kit/pmc12992994-233-7-23
    Average 96 stars, based on 1 article reviews
    tgf β - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
    96/100 stars
    		  Buy from Supplier
    tissue sections  (Proteintech)
    94
    Proteintech tissue sections
    Temporal analysis of the BMSC paracrine profile on different scaffolds. (A) Confocal microscopy images from Live/Dead fluorescence staining of BMSCs encapsulated within the PCL/HAp-GelMA/BMSCs scaffold after 1, 3, 5, and 14 d of 3D culture (live cells, green; dead cells, red). (B) The concentrations of key paracrine factors <t>(TGF-β,</t> <t>PGE2,</t> VEGF, HGF, and BMP-2) from BMSCs cultured in different scaffolds, quantified from culture supernatants at day 3 and day 7. (C) Corresponding relative mRNA expression levels of TGFB1, PTGS2, VEGFA, HGF, and BMP-2 in BMSCs at day 3 and day 7, as determined by qPCR analysis. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3) *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001; ns: not significant.
    Tissue Sections, supplied by Proteintech, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 94/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/factor+1/Tissue+factor+Antibody/pmc12999324-137-0-11
    Average 94 stars, based on 1 article reviews
    tissue sections - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
    94/100 stars
    		  Buy from Supplier
    factor 1 receptor csf1r antagonist pexidartinib  (MedChemExpress)
    97
    MedChemExpress factor 1 receptor csf1r antagonist pexidartinib
    Temporal analysis of the BMSC paracrine profile on different scaffolds. (A) Confocal microscopy images from Live/Dead fluorescence staining of BMSCs encapsulated within the PCL/HAp-GelMA/BMSCs scaffold after 1, 3, 5, and 14 d of 3D culture (live cells, green; dead cells, red). (B) The concentrations of key paracrine factors <t>(TGF-β,</t> <t>PGE2,</t> VEGF, HGF, and BMP-2) from BMSCs cultured in different scaffolds, quantified from culture supernatants at day 3 and day 7. (C) Corresponding relative mRNA expression levels of TGFB1, PTGS2, VEGFA, HGF, and BMP-2 in BMSCs at day 3 and day 7, as determined by qPCR analysis. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3) *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001; ns: not significant.
    Factor 1 Receptor Csf1r Antagonist Pexidartinib, supplied by MedChemExpress, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 97/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/factor+1/Pexidartinib/pm42009179-63-2-9
    Average 97 stars, based on 1 article reviews
    factor 1 receptor csf1r antagonist pexidartinib - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
    97/100 stars
    		  Buy from Supplier
    growth factor β1  (MedChemExpress)
    95
    MedChemExpress growth factor β1
    Temporal analysis of the BMSC paracrine profile on different scaffolds. (A) Confocal microscopy images from Live/Dead fluorescence staining of BMSCs encapsulated within the PCL/HAp-GelMA/BMSCs scaffold after 1, 3, 5, and 14 d of 3D culture (live cells, green; dead cells, red). (B) The concentrations of key paracrine factors <t>(TGF-β,</t> <t>PGE2,</t> VEGF, HGF, and BMP-2) from BMSCs cultured in different scaffolds, quantified from culture supernatants at day 3 and day 7. (C) Corresponding relative mRNA expression levels of TGFB1, PTGS2, VEGFA, HGF, and BMP-2 in BMSCs at day 3 and day 7, as determined by qPCR analysis. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3) *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001; ns: not significant.
    Growth Factor β1, supplied by MedChemExpress, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 95/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/factor+1/TGF+beta+1%2FTGFB1%2C+Human/pm41674333-58-10-19
    Average 95 stars, based on 1 article reviews
    growth factor β1 - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
    95/100 stars
    		  Buy from Supplier
    growth factor beta 1  (MedChemExpress)
    96
    MedChemExpress growth factor beta 1
    Temporal analysis of the BMSC paracrine profile on different scaffolds. (A) Confocal microscopy images from Live/Dead fluorescence staining of BMSCs encapsulated within the PCL/HAp-GelMA/BMSCs scaffold after 1, 3, 5, and 14 d of 3D culture (live cells, green; dead cells, red). (B) The concentrations of key paracrine factors <t>(TGF-β,</t> <t>PGE2,</t> VEGF, HGF, and BMP-2) from BMSCs cultured in different scaffolds, quantified from culture supernatants at day 3 and day 7. (C) Corresponding relative mRNA expression levels of TGFB1, PTGS2, VEGFA, HGF, and BMP-2 in BMSCs at day 3 and day 7, as determined by qPCR analysis. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3) *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001; ns: not significant.
    Growth Factor Beta 1, supplied by MedChemExpress, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 96/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/factor+1/SRI-011381/pm42399357-8-14-18
    Average 96 stars, based on 1 article reviews
    growth factor beta 1 - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
    96/100 stars
    		  Buy from Supplier
    apoptotic peptidase activating factor 1  (MedChemExpress)
    94
    MedChemExpress apoptotic peptidase activating factor 1
    Hub genes for DKD diagnosis. (A) Protein-protein interaction network of intersecting genes. Diagnostic markers identified by the (B) closeness, (C) degree and (D) MCC algorithms via the cytoHubba plugin. (E and F) Screening of diagnostic markers using the LASSO logistic regression algorithm. (G) Biomarker screening using the SVM-RFE method. (H) Biomarker screening based on the RF algorithm. (I and J) UpSet plots and petal diagrams showing intersecting diagnostic markers identified by all six algorithms. (K) Nomogram for predicting DKD. (L) Decision curve analysis curve for validation of diagnostic efficacy. (M) ROC curve for validation of diagnostic efficacy of key genes. Violin plots comparing (N) SYK expression levels, (O) ADAM10 expression levels and (P) <t>APAF1</t> expression levels in DKD vs. control samples within the GSE30122 validation cohort. * P<0.05, *** P<0.001. Analysis of the relationships between (Q) SYK and serum creatinine, (R) ADAM10 and serum creatinine, (S) APAF1 and serum creatinine, (T) SYK and GFR, (U) ADAM10 and GFR, and (V) APAF1 and GFR. ADAM10, ADAM metallopeptidase domain 10; APAF1, apoptotic peptidase activating factor 1; AUC, area under the ROC curve; DKD, diabetic kidney disease; FPR, false positive rate; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; LASSO, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator; MCC, maximum clique centrality; ROC, receiver operating characteristic; RF, random forest; SVM-RFE, support vector machine-recursive feature elimination; SYK, spleen-associated tyrosine kinase; TPR, true positive rate.
    Apoptotic Peptidase Activating Factor 1, supplied by MedChemExpress, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 94/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/factor+1/APAF1+Antibody/pmc13221111-107-6-33
    Average 94 stars, based on 1 article reviews
    apoptotic peptidase activating factor 1 - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
    94/100 stars
    		  Buy from Supplier

    Image Search Results


    Analysis of ligands and receptors in senescent and receiving cells. (A) Schematic depicting BulkSignalR pipeline which uses known ligand‐receptor interactions and affected downstream pathways to analyze their activation based on our bulk RNAseq data from DMSO and BrdU treated human cell lines (created with BioRender). (B) Venn diagram showing the number of receptors inferred from BulkSignalR to be activated across each of the five human cell types. Three receptors were identified in common between astrocytes (purple), endothelial cells (pink), and microglia (yellow) which were the cell types shown (Figure ) to be capable of receiving senescence signals and becoming SA β‐gal positive: CXCR7, KREMEN2, and GIPR. Only CXCR7 was expressed in the cell types capable of entering secondary senescence (astrocytes, endothelial cells, microglia) (Figure , Figure ). (C) TPM expression values of CXCR7 , its ligand CXCL12 , and DPP4 which cleaves and inactivates CXCL12 in DMSO (gray) and BrdU (red) treated cell lines ( n = 3 replicates). (D) Schematic of the four selected SASP inhibitors mechanisms of action: Bindarit is a CCL2 synthesis inhibitor which prevents p65 activation of the CCL2 gene at the promoter region, ISO‐1 is a MIF antagonist, ACT‐1004‐1239 is a CXCR7 antagonist, and Sitagliptin inhibits DPP4 preventing its action of cleaving and inactivating CXCL12 (created with BioRender). Data were analyzed by two‐way ANOVA with Tukey's multiple comparisons test (C). All graphs show mean with error bars depicting standard deviation (ns, p > 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001).

    Journal: Aging Cell

    Article Title: Characterizing the SASP ‐Dependent Paracrine Spreading of Senescence Between Human Brain Cell Types

    doi: 10.1111/acel.70673

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Analysis of ligands and receptors in senescent and receiving cells. (A) Schematic depicting BulkSignalR pipeline which uses known ligand‐receptor interactions and affected downstream pathways to analyze their activation based on our bulk RNAseq data from DMSO and BrdU treated human cell lines (created with BioRender). (B) Venn diagram showing the number of receptors inferred from BulkSignalR to be activated across each of the five human cell types. Three receptors were identified in common between astrocytes (purple), endothelial cells (pink), and microglia (yellow) which were the cell types shown (Figure ) to be capable of receiving senescence signals and becoming SA β‐gal positive: CXCR7, KREMEN2, and GIPR. Only CXCR7 was expressed in the cell types capable of entering secondary senescence (astrocytes, endothelial cells, microglia) (Figure , Figure ). (C) TPM expression values of CXCR7 , its ligand CXCL12 , and DPP4 which cleaves and inactivates CXCL12 in DMSO (gray) and BrdU (red) treated cell lines ( n = 3 replicates). (D) Schematic of the four selected SASP inhibitors mechanisms of action: Bindarit is a CCL2 synthesis inhibitor which prevents p65 activation of the CCL2 gene at the promoter region, ISO‐1 is a MIF antagonist, ACT‐1004‐1239 is a CXCR7 antagonist, and Sitagliptin inhibits DPP4 preventing its action of cleaving and inactivating CXCL12 (created with BioRender). Data were analyzed by two‐way ANOVA with Tukey's multiple comparisons test (C). All graphs show mean with error bars depicting standard deviation (ns, p > 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001).

    Article Snippet: Treatment with migration inhibitor factor (MIF) antagonist ISO‐1 (MedChemExpress, Catalog No. HY‐16692) (Kok et al. ) was utilized to prevent MIF‐associated communication between senescence inducers and receiving cells.

    Techniques: Activation Assay, RNA sequencing, Expressing, Standard Deviation

    Targeting SASP ligands and receptors to prevent the spreading of senescence. (A) Quantification of percentage of SA β‐gal positive astrocytes following 7‐day treatment with 100 μM BrdU (red) along with 200 μM Bindarit (pink), 50 μM ISO‐1 (blue), 200 μM ACT‐1004‐1239 (orange), or 2 μM Sitagliptin (green) ( n = 6 replicates). (B) Quantification of percentage of SA β‐gal positive microglia following 7‐day treatment with 100 μM BrdU (red) along with 200 μM Bindarit (pink), 50 μM ISO‐1 (blue), 200 μM ACT‐1004‐1239 (orange), or 2 μM Sitagliptin (green) ( n = 6 replicates). (C) Timeline showing treatment with DMSO + Bindarit CM or BrdU + Bindarit CM for 7 days. Timeline showing treatment with DMSO or 100 μM BrdU along with SASP inhibitors (ISO‐1, ACT‐1004‐1239, or Sitagliptin) for 7 days. Features of senescence were analyzed 8 days after the initial plating of cells (created with BioRender). (D) Quantification of percentage of SA β‐gal positive astrocytes following 7‐day treatment with DMSO + Bindarit CM from astrocytes (gray), BrdU + Bindarit CM from astrocytes (red), DMSO CM from astrocytes + SASP inhibitor (gray), or BrdU CM from astrocytes + SASP inhibitor (red) ( n = 4 replicates). Quantification of percentage of SA β‐gal positive astrocytes following 7‐day treatment with DMSO CM from astrocytes + Bindarit (gray) or BrdU CM from astrocytes + Bindarit (red) ( n = 4 replicates). (E) Quantification of percentage of SA β‐gal positive astrocytes following 7‐day treatment with DMSO + Bindarit CM from microglia (gray), BrdU + Bindarit CM from microglia (red), DMSO CM from microglia + SASP inhibitor (gray), or BrdU CM from microglia + SASP inhibitor (red) ( n = 4 replicates). Quantification of percentage of SA β‐gal positive astrocytes following 7‐day treatment with DMSO CM from microglia + Bindarit (gray) or BrdU CM from microglia + Bindarit (red) ( n = 4 replicates). (F) Quantification of percentage of SA β‐gal positive microglia following 7‐day treatment with DMSO + Bindarit CM from microglia (gray), BrdU + Bindarit CM from microglia (red), DMSO CM from microglia + SASP inhibitor (gray), or BrdU CM from microglia + SASP inhibitor (red) ( n = 4 replicates). Quantification of percentage of SA β‐gal positive astrocytes following 7‐day treatment with DMSO CM from microglia + Bindarit (gray) or BrdU CM from microglia + Bindarit (red) ( n = 4 replicates). (G) Quantification of percentage of SA β‐gal positive microglia following 7‐day treatment with DMSO + Bindarit CM from astrocytes (gray), BrdU + Bindarit CM from astrocytes (red), DMSO CM from astrocytes + SASP inhibitor (gray), or BrdU CM from astrocytes + SASP inhibitor (red) ( n = 4 replicates). Quantification of percentage of SA β‐gal positive astrocytes following 7‐day treatment with DMSO CM from astrocytes + Bindarit (gray) or BrdU CM from astrocytes + Bindarit (red) ( n = 4 replicates). Data analyzed by unpaired t ‐test (A, B) and two‐way ANOVA with Tukey's or Šídák's multiple comparisons test (D–G). All graphs show mean with error bars depicting standard deviation (ns, p > 0.05, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001).

    Journal: Aging Cell

    Article Title: Characterizing the SASP ‐Dependent Paracrine Spreading of Senescence Between Human Brain Cell Types

    doi: 10.1111/acel.70673

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Targeting SASP ligands and receptors to prevent the spreading of senescence. (A) Quantification of percentage of SA β‐gal positive astrocytes following 7‐day treatment with 100 μM BrdU (red) along with 200 μM Bindarit (pink), 50 μM ISO‐1 (blue), 200 μM ACT‐1004‐1239 (orange), or 2 μM Sitagliptin (green) ( n = 6 replicates). (B) Quantification of percentage of SA β‐gal positive microglia following 7‐day treatment with 100 μM BrdU (red) along with 200 μM Bindarit (pink), 50 μM ISO‐1 (blue), 200 μM ACT‐1004‐1239 (orange), or 2 μM Sitagliptin (green) ( n = 6 replicates). (C) Timeline showing treatment with DMSO + Bindarit CM or BrdU + Bindarit CM for 7 days. Timeline showing treatment with DMSO or 100 μM BrdU along with SASP inhibitors (ISO‐1, ACT‐1004‐1239, or Sitagliptin) for 7 days. Features of senescence were analyzed 8 days after the initial plating of cells (created with BioRender). (D) Quantification of percentage of SA β‐gal positive astrocytes following 7‐day treatment with DMSO + Bindarit CM from astrocytes (gray), BrdU + Bindarit CM from astrocytes (red), DMSO CM from astrocytes + SASP inhibitor (gray), or BrdU CM from astrocytes + SASP inhibitor (red) ( n = 4 replicates). Quantification of percentage of SA β‐gal positive astrocytes following 7‐day treatment with DMSO CM from astrocytes + Bindarit (gray) or BrdU CM from astrocytes + Bindarit (red) ( n = 4 replicates). (E) Quantification of percentage of SA β‐gal positive astrocytes following 7‐day treatment with DMSO + Bindarit CM from microglia (gray), BrdU + Bindarit CM from microglia (red), DMSO CM from microglia + SASP inhibitor (gray), or BrdU CM from microglia + SASP inhibitor (red) ( n = 4 replicates). Quantification of percentage of SA β‐gal positive astrocytes following 7‐day treatment with DMSO CM from microglia + Bindarit (gray) or BrdU CM from microglia + Bindarit (red) ( n = 4 replicates). (F) Quantification of percentage of SA β‐gal positive microglia following 7‐day treatment with DMSO + Bindarit CM from microglia (gray), BrdU + Bindarit CM from microglia (red), DMSO CM from microglia + SASP inhibitor (gray), or BrdU CM from microglia + SASP inhibitor (red) ( n = 4 replicates). Quantification of percentage of SA β‐gal positive astrocytes following 7‐day treatment with DMSO CM from microglia + Bindarit (gray) or BrdU CM from microglia + Bindarit (red) ( n = 4 replicates). (G) Quantification of percentage of SA β‐gal positive microglia following 7‐day treatment with DMSO + Bindarit CM from astrocytes (gray), BrdU + Bindarit CM from astrocytes (red), DMSO CM from astrocytes + SASP inhibitor (gray), or BrdU CM from astrocytes + SASP inhibitor (red) ( n = 4 replicates). Quantification of percentage of SA β‐gal positive astrocytes following 7‐day treatment with DMSO CM from astrocytes + Bindarit (gray) or BrdU CM from astrocytes + Bindarit (red) ( n = 4 replicates). Data analyzed by unpaired t ‐test (A, B) and two‐way ANOVA with Tukey's or Šídák's multiple comparisons test (D–G). All graphs show mean with error bars depicting standard deviation (ns, p > 0.05, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001).

    Article Snippet: Treatment with migration inhibitor factor (MIF) antagonist ISO‐1 (MedChemExpress, Catalog No. HY‐16692) (Kok et al. ) was utilized to prevent MIF‐associated communication between senescence inducers and receiving cells.

    Techniques: Standard Deviation

    Temporal analysis of the BMSC paracrine profile on different scaffolds. (A) Confocal microscopy images from Live/Dead fluorescence staining of BMSCs encapsulated within the PCL/HAp-GelMA/BMSCs scaffold after 1, 3, 5, and 14 d of 3D culture (live cells, green; dead cells, red). (B) The concentrations of key paracrine factors (TGF-β, PGE2, VEGF, HGF, and BMP-2) from BMSCs cultured in different scaffolds, quantified from culture supernatants at day 3 and day 7. (C) Corresponding relative mRNA expression levels of TGFB1, PTGS2, VEGFA, HGF, and BMP-2 in BMSCs at day 3 and day 7, as determined by qPCR analysis. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3) *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001; ns: not significant.

    Journal: Bioactive Materials

    Article Title: Mesenchymal stromal cells-loaded 3D radially aligned composite scaffold with potentiated paracrine signaling for sequential bone regeneration

    doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.02.059

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Temporal analysis of the BMSC paracrine profile on different scaffolds. (A) Confocal microscopy images from Live/Dead fluorescence staining of BMSCs encapsulated within the PCL/HAp-GelMA/BMSCs scaffold after 1, 3, 5, and 14 d of 3D culture (live cells, green; dead cells, red). (B) The concentrations of key paracrine factors (TGF-β, PGE2, VEGF, HGF, and BMP-2) from BMSCs cultured in different scaffolds, quantified from culture supernatants at day 3 and day 7. (C) Corresponding relative mRNA expression levels of TGFB1, PTGS2, VEGFA, HGF, and BMP-2 in BMSCs at day 3 and day 7, as determined by qPCR analysis. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3) *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001; ns: not significant.

    Article Snippet: ELISA kits for PGE2 (Cat. No. E-EL-0034), TGF-β (Cat. No. E-EL-0162), VEGF (Cat. No. E-EL-R2603), and HGF (Cat. No. E-EL-R0496) were purchased from Elabscience (Wuhan, China).

    Techniques: Confocal Microscopy, Fluorescence, Staining, Cell Culture, Expressing

    Hub genes for DKD diagnosis. (A) Protein-protein interaction network of intersecting genes. Diagnostic markers identified by the (B) closeness, (C) degree and (D) MCC algorithms via the cytoHubba plugin. (E and F) Screening of diagnostic markers using the LASSO logistic regression algorithm. (G) Biomarker screening using the SVM-RFE method. (H) Biomarker screening based on the RF algorithm. (I and J) UpSet plots and petal diagrams showing intersecting diagnostic markers identified by all six algorithms. (K) Nomogram for predicting DKD. (L) Decision curve analysis curve for validation of diagnostic efficacy. (M) ROC curve for validation of diagnostic efficacy of key genes. Violin plots comparing (N) SYK expression levels, (O) ADAM10 expression levels and (P) APAF1 expression levels in DKD vs. control samples within the GSE30122 validation cohort. * P<0.05, *** P<0.001. Analysis of the relationships between (Q) SYK and serum creatinine, (R) ADAM10 and serum creatinine, (S) APAF1 and serum creatinine, (T) SYK and GFR, (U) ADAM10 and GFR, and (V) APAF1 and GFR. ADAM10, ADAM metallopeptidase domain 10; APAF1, apoptotic peptidase activating factor 1; AUC, area under the ROC curve; DKD, diabetic kidney disease; FPR, false positive rate; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; LASSO, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator; MCC, maximum clique centrality; ROC, receiver operating characteristic; RF, random forest; SVM-RFE, support vector machine-recursive feature elimination; SYK, spleen-associated tyrosine kinase; TPR, true positive rate.

    Journal: International Journal of Molecular Medicine

    Article Title: Identification of diagnostic markers for diabetic kidney disease by weighted gene co-expression network analysis and machine learning

    doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2026.5869

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Hub genes for DKD diagnosis. (A) Protein-protein interaction network of intersecting genes. Diagnostic markers identified by the (B) closeness, (C) degree and (D) MCC algorithms via the cytoHubba plugin. (E and F) Screening of diagnostic markers using the LASSO logistic regression algorithm. (G) Biomarker screening using the SVM-RFE method. (H) Biomarker screening based on the RF algorithm. (I and J) UpSet plots and petal diagrams showing intersecting diagnostic markers identified by all six algorithms. (K) Nomogram for predicting DKD. (L) Decision curve analysis curve for validation of diagnostic efficacy. (M) ROC curve for validation of diagnostic efficacy of key genes. Violin plots comparing (N) SYK expression levels, (O) ADAM10 expression levels and (P) APAF1 expression levels in DKD vs. control samples within the GSE30122 validation cohort. * P<0.05, *** P<0.001. Analysis of the relationships between (Q) SYK and serum creatinine, (R) ADAM10 and serum creatinine, (S) APAF1 and serum creatinine, (T) SYK and GFR, (U) ADAM10 and GFR, and (V) APAF1 and GFR. ADAM10, ADAM metallopeptidase domain 10; APAF1, apoptotic peptidase activating factor 1; AUC, area under the ROC curve; DKD, diabetic kidney disease; FPR, false positive rate; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; LASSO, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator; MCC, maximum clique centrality; ROC, receiver operating characteristic; RF, random forest; SVM-RFE, support vector machine-recursive feature elimination; SYK, spleen-associated tyrosine kinase; TPR, true positive rate.

    Article Snippet: Cells were transfected with siRNAs targeting apoptotic peptidase activating factor 1 (APAF1; cat. no. HY-RS00801), ADAM metallopeptidase domain 10 (ADAM10; cat. no. HY-RS00265) and spleen-associated tyrosine kinase (SYK; cat. no. HY-RS14075) (all from MedChemExpress).

    Techniques: Biomarker Discovery, Diagnostic Assay, Expressing, Control, Filtration, Selection, Plasmid Preparation

    Analysis of the immune microenvironment. (A) Principal component analysis clustering plot illustrating immune cell infiltration patterns. The diagram presents differences in immune profiles between the DKD group and controls. (B) A heatmap displaying immune cell type correlations, where red signifies positive and blue negative associations, and the color saturation corresponds to the strength of the correlation. (C) Analysis illustrating disparities in immune cell infiltration between DKD and controls kidney tissue samples. * P<0.05, *** P<0.001. (D) Relative proportions of 22 immune cell subpopulations. Correlations between (E) ADAM10 and immune cells, (F) APAF1 and immune cells, and (G) SYK and immune cells. Point size corresponds to correlation strength between the hub gene and different immune cells; stronger correlations are shown by larger points, while weaker ones are shown by smaller points. ADAM10, ADAM metallopeptidase domain 10; APAF1, apoptotic peptidase activating factor 1; DKD, diabetic kidney disease; SYK, spleen-associated tyrosine kinase.

    Journal: International Journal of Molecular Medicine

    Article Title: Identification of diagnostic markers for diabetic kidney disease by weighted gene co-expression network analysis and machine learning

    doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2026.5869

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Analysis of the immune microenvironment. (A) Principal component analysis clustering plot illustrating immune cell infiltration patterns. The diagram presents differences in immune profiles between the DKD group and controls. (B) A heatmap displaying immune cell type correlations, where red signifies positive and blue negative associations, and the color saturation corresponds to the strength of the correlation. (C) Analysis illustrating disparities in immune cell infiltration between DKD and controls kidney tissue samples. * P<0.05, *** P<0.001. (D) Relative proportions of 22 immune cell subpopulations. Correlations between (E) ADAM10 and immune cells, (F) APAF1 and immune cells, and (G) SYK and immune cells. Point size corresponds to correlation strength between the hub gene and different immune cells; stronger correlations are shown by larger points, while weaker ones are shown by smaller points. ADAM10, ADAM metallopeptidase domain 10; APAF1, apoptotic peptidase activating factor 1; DKD, diabetic kidney disease; SYK, spleen-associated tyrosine kinase.

    Article Snippet: Cells were transfected with siRNAs targeting apoptotic peptidase activating factor 1 (APAF1; cat. no. HY-RS00801), ADAM metallopeptidase domain 10 (ADAM10; cat. no. HY-RS00265) and spleen-associated tyrosine kinase (SYK; cat. no. HY-RS14075) (all from MedChemExpress).

    Techniques:

    Validation of pivotal gene expression in the mouse DKD model. (A) Schematic illustration of the mouse DKD model. (B) Quantification of UACR in mice. (C) Scr and (D) BUN levels in the two experimental groups. (E) Body weight changes in mice over time. (F) Blood glucose alterations in mice. (G) H&E staining of mouse kidney tissue sections, highlighting the extent of renal injury. Renal fibrosis was assessed using Masson's trichrome staining (magnification, ×200; scale bar, 100 µ m). The arrows point to dilated renal tubules and atrophic glomeruli. Semi-quantitative analysis of (H) H&E and (I) Masson staining results, with error bars in (H) representing the 95% confidence interval for the median. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR detection of (J) APAF1, (K) SYK and (L) ADAM10 mRNA expression. (M) Western blot analysis showing the expression levels of SYK, ADAM10 and APAF1 in the UNx/STZ/HFD model, and (N) semi-quantitative analysis. (O) Western blot analysis showing the expression levels of SYK, ADAM10 and APAF1 in the db/db model, and (P) semi-quantitative analysis. Data are presented as the mean ± SD or median (n=6). * P<0.05, ** P<0.01, *** P<0.001. ADAM10, ADAM metallopeptidase domain 10; APAF1, apoptotic peptidase activating factor 1; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; DKD, diabetic kidney disease; H&E, hematoxylin and eosin; HFD, high-fat diet; Scr, serum creatinine; STZ, streptozotocin; SYK, spleen-associated tyrosine kinase; UACR, urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio; UNx, uninephrectomy.

    Journal: International Journal of Molecular Medicine

    Article Title: Identification of diagnostic markers for diabetic kidney disease by weighted gene co-expression network analysis and machine learning

    doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2026.5869

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Validation of pivotal gene expression in the mouse DKD model. (A) Schematic illustration of the mouse DKD model. (B) Quantification of UACR in mice. (C) Scr and (D) BUN levels in the two experimental groups. (E) Body weight changes in mice over time. (F) Blood glucose alterations in mice. (G) H&E staining of mouse kidney tissue sections, highlighting the extent of renal injury. Renal fibrosis was assessed using Masson's trichrome staining (magnification, ×200; scale bar, 100 µ m). The arrows point to dilated renal tubules and atrophic glomeruli. Semi-quantitative analysis of (H) H&E and (I) Masson staining results, with error bars in (H) representing the 95% confidence interval for the median. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR detection of (J) APAF1, (K) SYK and (L) ADAM10 mRNA expression. (M) Western blot analysis showing the expression levels of SYK, ADAM10 and APAF1 in the UNx/STZ/HFD model, and (N) semi-quantitative analysis. (O) Western blot analysis showing the expression levels of SYK, ADAM10 and APAF1 in the db/db model, and (P) semi-quantitative analysis. Data are presented as the mean ± SD or median (n=6). * P<0.05, ** P<0.01, *** P<0.001. ADAM10, ADAM metallopeptidase domain 10; APAF1, apoptotic peptidase activating factor 1; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; DKD, diabetic kidney disease; H&E, hematoxylin and eosin; HFD, high-fat diet; Scr, serum creatinine; STZ, streptozotocin; SYK, spleen-associated tyrosine kinase; UACR, urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio; UNx, uninephrectomy.

    Article Snippet: Cells were transfected with siRNAs targeting apoptotic peptidase activating factor 1 (APAF1; cat. no. HY-RS00801), ADAM metallopeptidase domain 10 (ADAM10; cat. no. HY-RS00265) and spleen-associated tyrosine kinase (SYK; cat. no. HY-RS14075) (all from MedChemExpress).

    Techniques: Biomarker Discovery, Gene Expression, Staining, Reverse Transcription, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Expressing, Western Blot

    siRNA-mediated silencing of pivotal genes can alleviate fibrosis. (A) SYK siRNA reduced SYK mRNA levels. (B) Western blot analysis showing the expression levels of SYK, fibronectin, vimentin and Snail, and (C) semi-quantitative analysis. (D) ADAM10 siRNA reduced ADAM10 mRNA levels. (E) Western blot analysis showing the expression levels of ADAM10, fibronectin, vimentin and Snail, and (F) semi-quantitative analysis. (G) APAF1 siRNA reduced APAF1 mRNA levels. (H) Western blot analysis showing the expression levels of APAF1, fibronectin, vimentin and Snail, and (I) semi-quantitative analysis. Data are presented as the mean ± SD (n=6). * P<0.05, ** P<0.01, *** P<0.001. ADAM10, ADAM metallopeptidase domain 10; APAF1, apoptotic peptidase activating factor 1; Con, control; HG, high glucose; LG, low glucose; ns, not significant; siRNA, small interfering RNA; SYK, spleen-associated tyrosine kinase.

    Journal: International Journal of Molecular Medicine

    Article Title: Identification of diagnostic markers for diabetic kidney disease by weighted gene co-expression network analysis and machine learning

    doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2026.5869

    Figure Lengend Snippet: siRNA-mediated silencing of pivotal genes can alleviate fibrosis. (A) SYK siRNA reduced SYK mRNA levels. (B) Western blot analysis showing the expression levels of SYK, fibronectin, vimentin and Snail, and (C) semi-quantitative analysis. (D) ADAM10 siRNA reduced ADAM10 mRNA levels. (E) Western blot analysis showing the expression levels of ADAM10, fibronectin, vimentin and Snail, and (F) semi-quantitative analysis. (G) APAF1 siRNA reduced APAF1 mRNA levels. (H) Western blot analysis showing the expression levels of APAF1, fibronectin, vimentin and Snail, and (I) semi-quantitative analysis. Data are presented as the mean ± SD (n=6). * P<0.05, ** P<0.01, *** P<0.001. ADAM10, ADAM metallopeptidase domain 10; APAF1, apoptotic peptidase activating factor 1; Con, control; HG, high glucose; LG, low glucose; ns, not significant; siRNA, small interfering RNA; SYK, spleen-associated tyrosine kinase.

    Article Snippet: Cells were transfected with siRNAs targeting apoptotic peptidase activating factor 1 (APAF1; cat. no. HY-RS00801), ADAM metallopeptidase domain 10 (ADAM10; cat. no. HY-RS00265) and spleen-associated tyrosine kinase (SYK; cat. no. HY-RS14075) (all from MedChemExpress).

    Techniques: Western Blot, Expressing, Control, Small Interfering RNA

    Clinical validation of hub genes. Relative mRNA levels of (A) SYK, (B) ADAM10 and (C) APAF1 in non-DKD patients and patients with DKD. Data are presented as the mean ± SD (n=15). * P<0.05, ** P<0.01, *** P<0.001. ADAM metallopeptidase domain 10; APAF1, apoptotic peptidase activating factor 1; DKD, diabetic kidney disease; SYK, spleen-associated tyrosine kinase.

    Journal: International Journal of Molecular Medicine

    Article Title: Identification of diagnostic markers for diabetic kidney disease by weighted gene co-expression network analysis and machine learning

    doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2026.5869

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Clinical validation of hub genes. Relative mRNA levels of (A) SYK, (B) ADAM10 and (C) APAF1 in non-DKD patients and patients with DKD. Data are presented as the mean ± SD (n=15). * P<0.05, ** P<0.01, *** P<0.001. ADAM metallopeptidase domain 10; APAF1, apoptotic peptidase activating factor 1; DKD, diabetic kidney disease; SYK, spleen-associated tyrosine kinase.

    Article Snippet: Cells were transfected with siRNAs targeting apoptotic peptidase activating factor 1 (APAF1; cat. no. HY-RS00801), ADAM metallopeptidase domain 10 (ADAM10; cat. no. HY-RS00265) and spleen-associated tyrosine kinase (SYK; cat. no. HY-RS14075) (all from MedChemExpress).

    Techniques: Biomarker Discovery